Zinc oxide complexes

ABSTRACT

A method of vulcanizing rubber, the method comprising adding to un-vulcanized rubber a complex comprising a disulfide compound having an acidic hydrogen and zinc oxide and vulcanizing the rubber, wherein the oxygen atom of the zinc oxide is covalently bound to the acidic hydrogen of the disulfide compound.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/004,153 filed Jan. 22, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/560,979, filed Dec. 4, 2014, now U.S.Pat. No. 9,273,071, which is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/770,317, filed Feb. 19, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,933,257,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/285,807,filed Oct. 31, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,404,743, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/408,307, filed Oct. 29,2010. The contents of the above-referenced applications are incorporatedby reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to compositions comprising zincoxide complexes and methods for preparing such compositions.

B. Description of Related Art

Several skin treatment options are currently available for improving thevisual appearance, physical properties, or physiological functions ofthe skin. Such options can be irritating to the skin, or the skintreatment formulation may be unstable. Thus, there is a need for skintreatment options that abate such undesirable characteristics.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention overcomes deficiencies in the art by providing acompound comprising a first molecule and a second molecule, andcorresponding methods of making and using the same. In some embodiments,the first molecule comprises an acidic hydrogen, and the second moleculecomprises zinc oxide. While some molecules, such as acidic molecules canbe irritating to the skin, zinc oxide molecules can counteract thisundesirable effect by providing a soothing quality to skin. Further,both the acidic molecule and the zinc oxide molecule can impart benefitsto skin and produce a synergistic complex. In some embodiments, theacidic molecule and zinc oxide molecule form a stable complex inaqueous, non-aqueous, low pH, high pH, high temperature, lowtemperature, humid, and dry storage environments.

In compounds of the invention, the molecule comprising zinc oxide mayexist in a complex with one or more molecules comprising an acidichydrogen. For example, the zinc oxide molecule may be complexed withone, two, three, or more molecules comprising an acidic hydrogen. Inparticular aspects, the zinc oxide molecule is complexed with one, twoor three of the molecules comprising an acidic hydrogen. In someembodiments, the zinc oxide molecule is complexed with two moleculescomprising an acidic hydrogen. For example, zinc oxide may complex withtwo lactic acid molecules to form a compound. In other embodiments, amolecule comprising an acidic hydrogen is complexed with one, two,three, or more molecules of zinc oxide. In yet further embodiments, twoor more zinc oxide molecules are complexed with two or more moleculescomprising an acidic hydrogen.

The molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen may be an organic molecule,such as an organic acid. In particular aspects, the molecule comprisingan acidic hydrogen is a weak organic acid (as opposed to, for example, astrong mineral acid). In compounds of the invention, the zinc oxidemolecule may be chemically bound to a chemical group containing anacidic hydrogen. For example, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogenmay be an alpha-hydroxy acid, and the zinc oxide molecule may chemicallybind to the alpha-hydroxy group of the alpha-hydroxy acid, the organicacid group of the alpha-hydroxy acid, or both. In some embodiments, thezinc atom of the zinc oxide molecule chemically binds to the oxygen atomin a chemical group comprising at least one acidic hydrogen. In certainaspects, the oxygen atom of the zinc oxide molecule interacts with theacidic hydrogen of an —OH group, and the zinc molecule covalently bondsto the oxygen group of the acidic molecule. Although not wishing to bebound by any theory, in some embodiments, such an interaction can beillustrated as follows:ZnO+H⁺→Zn—OH  Step 1:RCOO⁻+Zn—OH→R—COO—Zn—OH  Step 2:In step 1, the acidic hydrogen of the molecule comprising an acidichydrogen attaches to the oxygen atom of zinc oxide, causing the zincatom to shift to sp³ hybrid orbitals. In step 2, the zinc then canaccommodate the electron from the source of the acidic hydrogen (e.g., acaroboxylate ion).

It is contemplated that the methods disclosed herein can be used to forma compound comprising zinc oxide that is bound covalently or ionicallyto any molecule having an acidic hydrogen. Moreover, compositionsdisclosed herein may comprise zinc oxide that is bound covalently orionically to any molecule having an acidic hydrogen. For example, incertain methods and compositions, the molecule comprising an acidichydrogen may be a straight-chain aliphatic carboxylic acid, such as, forexample, formic acid or stearic acid. In some embodiments, the moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen is a branched-chain aliphatic carboxylicacid, such as, for example, isobutyric acid (or 2-methylpropanoic acid)or pivalic acid (or 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid).

In certain aspects, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen is acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acid, such as, for example, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. Alternatively, the molecule comprising an acidichydrogen may be a straight-chain olefinic carboxylic acid, such as, forexample, acrylic acid or oleic acid. In some embodiments, compoundscomprising zinc oxide and oleic acid, or salts thereof, are provided. Incertain aspects, the compound consists of zinc oxide and oleic acid andhas the following formula:

wherein R is O⁻ or OH.

In other aspects the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen may be abranched-chain olefinic carboxylic acid, such as, for example, angelicacid (or Z-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid) or tiglic acid (or E-2-butenoicacid). The molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen may alternatively be astraight-chain polyunsaturated olefinic carboxylic acid, such as, forexample, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, retinoic acid, or an omega-3fatty acid. In some embodiments, the molecule comprising an acidichydrogen is an aliphatic alpha-hydroxy acid, an aliphatic beta-hydroxyacid, an aliphatic delta-hydroxy acid, or an aliphatic gamma-hydroxyacid. In particular aspects, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogenis an aliphatic alpha-hydroxy acid, such as, for example, lactic acid.In some embodiments, compounds comprising zinc oxide and lactic acid,and salts thereof, are provided. In certain aspects, a compoundconsisting of zinc oxide and lactic acid is provided having thefollowing formula:

wherein R₁ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, R₂ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, andat least one of R₁ and R₂ is zinc oxide.

In certain embodiments, a compound comprising zinc oxide and lactic acidcontains one zinc oxide molecule and two lactic acid molecules. Incertain embodiments, a compound consisting of zinc oxide and lactic acidis provided having the following formula:

In other certain embodiments, a compound consisting of zinc oxide andlactic acid is provided having the following formula:

In yet other aspects, a compound consisting of zinc oxide and lacticacid has the following formula:

In certain aspects, compounds comprising zinc oxide and glycolic acid,and salts thereof, are provided. In some embodiments, a compoundconsisting of zinc oxide and glycolic acid is provided having thefollowing formula:

wherein R₁ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, R₂ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, andat least one of R₁ and R₂ is zinc oxide.

Also provided are complexes wherein the molecule comprising an acidichydrogen is a vitamin comprising a carboxylic acid group. In someembodiments, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen is an aliphaticor olefinic di-acid. In other embodiments, the molecule comprising anacidic hydrogen is a dicarboxylic acid, such as, for example, azelaicacid, malic acid, adipic acid, or tartaric acid. For example, compoundscomprising zinc oxide and azelaic acid, and salts thereof, are provided.In certain aspects, a compound consisting of zinc oxide and azelaic acidis provided having the following formula:

wherein R₁ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, R₂ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, andat least one of R₁ and R₂ is zinc oxide.

Also provided are compounds comprising zinc oxide and malic acid, andsalts thereof. In certain aspects, a compound consisting of zinc oxideand malic acid is provided having the following formula:

wherein R₁ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, R₂ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, R₃is hydrogen or zinc oxide, and at least one of R₁, R₂, and R₃ is zincoxide.

In some aspects, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen is atri-acid, such as, for example, citric acid. For example, compoundscomprising zinc oxide and citric acid, and salts thereof, are provided.In certain aspects, a compound consisting of zinc oxide and citric acidis provided having the following formula:

wherein R₁ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, R₂ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, R₃is hydrogen or zinc oxide, R₄ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, and at leastone of R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ is zinc oxide.

Also provided is a compound wherein the molecule having an acidichydrogen is an amino acid, such as, for example, hydroxyproline. Inparticular aspects, compounds comprising zinc oxide and hydroxyproline,and salts thereof, are provided. In certain aspects, a compoundconsisting of zinc oxide and hydroxyproline is provided having thefollowing formula:

wherein R₁ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, R₂ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, andat least one of R₁ and R₂ is zinc oxide.

In some embodiments, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen is anaromatic acid, such as, for example, benzoic acid or salicylic acid. Insome aspects, compounds comprising zinc oxide and salicylic acid, andsalts thereof, are provided. In certain aspects, a compound consistingof zinc oxide and salicylic acid is provided having the followingformula:

wherein R₁ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, R₂ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, andat least one of R₁ and R₂ is zinc oxide.

The molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen may be a substituted aromaticacid, such as, for example, para-aminobenzoic acid. Alternatively, themolecule comprising an acidic hydrogen may be an aromatic di-acid. Insome embodiments, the aromatic di-acid is phthalic acid. In otherembodiments, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen is an aromatictri-acid, such as, for example, trimellitic acid.

In certain aspects, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen isascorbic acid, a sugar acid, or mevalonic acid. In particularembodiments, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen is a sugar acidsuch as, for example gluconic acid. In other embodiments, the moleculehaving an acidic hydrogen is ascorbic acid. In such compounds, incertain embodiments, one of the hydrogen atoms from one or both of thehydroxyl groups is involved in forming the complex with zinc oxide.Compounds comprising zinc oxide and ascorbic acid, and salts thereof,are provided. In certain aspects, a compound consisting of zinc oxideand ascorbic acid is provided having the following formula:

wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ are each independently hydrogen or zinc oxide,provided that at least one of R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ is zinc oxide. Inparticular aspects, R₁ and R₂ are zinc oxide and R3 and R₄ are H. Insome aspects, R₁ or R₂ are zinc oxide and R₃, and R₄ are H. In stillother aspects, R₁, and R₂ are H and R₃, and/or R₄ are zinc oxide. In oneaspect, all of R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are each zinc oxide. In oneembodiment, R₁ is zinc oxide and each of R₂ R₃, and R₄ are H, or R₂ iszinc oxide and each of R₁ R₃, and R₄ are H, or R₃ is zinc oxide and eachof R₁ R₂, and R₄ are H, or R₄ is zinc oxide and each of R₁ R₂, and R₃are H.

The molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen may be a thio-acid, such as,for example, thioglycolic acid or thiolactic acid. In other embodiments,the molecule having an acidic hydrogen is a beta-diketone, such as, forexample, avobenzone. Compositions comprising zinc oxide and avobenzone,and salts thereof, are provided. In a particular embodiment, the zincoxide molecule is chemically bound to one of the methylene grouphydrogens of the avobenzone molecule. In certain aspects, a compoundconsisting of zinc oxide and avobenzone is provided having the followingformula:

wherein R is O⁻ or OH.

In particular embodiments, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen isdihydroxyacetone. In other embodiments, the molecule comprising anacidic hydrogen is phenol or a substituted phenol. Compounds comprisingzinc oxide and phenol, and salts thereof, are provided. In certainaspects, a compound consisting of zinc oxide and phenol is providedhaving the following formula:

wherein R is O⁻ or OH.

Also provided are compounds wherein the molecule comprising an acidichydrogen is a steroid. In yet further aspects, the molecule comprisingan acidic hydrogen has at least one acidic hydrogen located alpha to a:ketone, double bond, benzene ring, ether, or carboxylic acid. In stillfurther aspects, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen is avulcanizing accelerator, such as, for example, a disulfide,dithiocarbamate, thiuram, mercaptobenzothiazole, oralkylphenoldisulfide.

In some embodiments, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen ispyrithione

or anthralin (or dithranol). In certain aspects, the molecule comprisingan acidic hydrogen is Kojic acid. Compounds comprising zinc oxide andKojic acid, and salts thereof, are provided. In certain embodiments, acompound consisting of zinc oxide and Kojic acid is provided having thefollowing formula:wherein R₁ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, R₂ is hydrogen or zinc oxide, andat least one of R₁ and R₂ is zinc oxide.

In some embodiments, the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen iscyclic unsaturated olefinic carboxylic acid.

Also provided are methods for chemically binding a zinc molecule to amolecule comprising an acidic hydrogen comprising: (a) mixing the zincmolecule and the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen in a liquidcomprising at least about 80% by weight alcohol; and (b) mixing the zincmolecule and the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen in a sealedcontainer, wherein the zinc molecule covalently bonds to the moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen. For example, the zinc molecule may bezinc oxide, and the chemical bond may be a covalent bond. It iscontemplated that the methods disclosed herein can be used to chemicallybond a zinc molecule, such as zinc oxide, to any molecule having anacidic hydrogen.

In certain embodiments of the provided methods, the mixing of the zincmolecule and the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen is in a liquidcomprising at least about 85% by weight alcohol, at least about 90% byweight alcohol, at least about 95% by weight alcohol, at least about100% by weight alcohol, or any percentage derivable therein. In someembodiments, the mixing of the zinc molecule and the molecule comprisingan acidic hydrogen is in a liquid that is free or essentially free ofwater. In other embodiments, the mixing of the zinc molecule and themolecule comprising an acidic hydrogen is in a liquid that is ananhydrous alcohol. In certain aspects, the mixing of the zinc moleculeand the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen is in a liquid containingone or more reagent-grade alcohols or one or more denatured alcohols. Inparticular aspects, the mixing of the zinc molecule and the moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen is in a liquid comprising ethanol,methanol, or isopropanol, or a combination of two or more of these. Inyet further aspects, the mixing of the zinc molecule and the moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen is in a liquid comprising a nitrogen-freealcohol. In still further aspects, the mixing occurs in acetone.

In some embodiments, the zinc molecule and the molecule comprising anacidic hydrogen are mixed in about a 1:1 molar ratio of zinc moleculesto molecule comprising an acidic hydrogens or in about a 2:1 molar ratioof zinc molecules to molecules comprising an acidic hydrogen. Inparticular aspects, about 1 gram of zinc oxide is mixed with a moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen in about a 1:1 molar ratio. In someaspects of the disclosed methods, zinc oxide is mixed with a moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen in about 200-250 mL of a liquid comprisingmore than about 80% by weight alcohol.

The zinc molecule and molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen may bemixed for about 5 to about 60 days. For example, the molecules may bemixed for about 5 to about 10 days, for about 10 to about 20 days, forabout 20 to about 30 days, for about 30 to about 40 days, for about 40to about 50 days, for about 50 to about 60 days, or any range derivabletherein. In certain aspects, the zinc molecule and molecule comprisingan acidic hydrogen are mixed in a sealed glass container. In someembodiments, the zinc molecule and molecule comprising an acidichydrogen are mixed in an opaque container.

The zinc molecule and molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen may bemixed by, for example, stirring, vortexing, sonicating, or shaking.Stirring may be performed using a magnetic stirrer. In certainembodiments, the mixture containing the zinc molecule and moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen is heated during at least part of themixing time. For example, a composition comprising a zinc molecule and amolecule comprising an acidic hydrogen may be heated to the refluxtemperature for the alcohol in the composition.

In some aspects, complexes between one or more zinc molecules chemicallybound to one or more molecules comprising an acidic hydrogen areisolated. Such complexes may comprise a compound wherein the zincmolecule is covalently bound to the molecule comprising an acidichydrogen. Means of isolating the complexes include, for example,filtering, evaporation, rotary evaporation, drying, spray drying,centrifugation, or precipitation. In certain embodiments, the complexescomprising one or more zinc molecules covalently bound to one or moremolecules comprising an acidic hydrogen are crystals. A crystal is asolid material having constituent parts (atoms, molecules, or ions) thatare arranged in an orderly repeating pattern. Complexes disclosed hereinthat are in crystal form may be isolated by filtering.

Complexes comprising one or more zinc molecules chemically bound to oneor more molecules comprising an acidic hydrogen may be stored. Forexample, the complexes may be stored at a temperature between about 10degrees C. to about −30 degrees C.

In some embodiments, complexes comprising one or more zinc moleculeschemically bound to one or more molecules comprising an acidic hydrogenhave a melting point greater than about 30 degrees C. to about 200degrees C. In some aspects, the complexes comprising one or more zincoxide molecules chemically bound to one or more molecules comprising anacidic hydrogen have a melting point greater than about 30, 35, 40, 45,50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125,130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, or200 degrees C., or any temperature derivable therein. Complexescomprising one or more zinc molecules chemically bound to one or moremolecules comprising an acidic hydrogen may have a melting point greaterthan about 120 degrees C. to about 140 degrees C. In certainembodiments, the complex comprising one or more zinc moleculeschemically bound to one or more molecules comprising an acidic hydrogenhas a melting point that is greater than the melting point for themolecule comprising an acidic hydrogen substituent of the complex. Inthe case of some complexes comprising one or more zinc moleculeschemically bound to one or more liquid molecules comprising an acidichydrogen (such as lactic acid, for example), the complexes exhibit nomelting point at temperatures up to about 175 degrees C. to about 200degrees C. In certain aspects, the complexes comprising one or more zincmolecules chemically bond to one or more molecules comprising an acidichydrogen dissociate in an aqueous composition.

In particular aspects of the disclosed methods, complexes between zincoxide and an organic molecule are provided. In some embodiments, theorganic molecule is an organic acid. In certain aspects, the organicmolecule is: ascorbic acid, avobenzone, lactic acid, glycolic acid,oleic acid, hydroxyproline, azelaic acid, salicylic acid, citric acid,malic acid, Kojic acid, or phenol. Such compounds may be provided incrystal form.

The compounds provided herein may be provided in a composition. Forexample, a composition is provided comprising any of the compoundsprovided herein, or, in certain aspects, a composition is provided thatcan include at least two or more of the compounds provided herein. Itshould be recognized that the amount of a compound provided hereinwithin a composition can be selected based on the desired results. Theamount of such ingredients can include less than 0.0001% or can include0.0001, 0.0002 . . . 0.002, 0.003, 0.004 . . . 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99%, or more or, or any range derivabletherein, by weight or volume of any of the compounds disclosed herein.

It is contemplated that the compounds, compositions, and methodsdisclosed herein may have many uses. For example, provided are topicalskin compositions that include one or more of the compounds orcompositions disclosed herein. Also provided are pharmaceuticalcompositions that include one or more of the compounds or compositionsdisclosed herein. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein areused to provide a topical skin composition or a pharmaceuticalcomposition.

In certain embodiments, the compositions are formulated into topicalskin care compositions. The compositions can be cosmetic compositions orpharmaceutical compositions. In other aspects, the compositions can beincluded in a cosmetic vehicle. Non-limiting examples of cosmeticvehicles are disclosed in other sections of this specification and areknown to those of skill in the art. Examples of cosmetic vehiclesinclude emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions),creams, lotions, solutions (e.g., aqueous or hydro-alcoholic solutions),anhydrous bases (e.g., lipstick or a powder), gels, and ointments. Inother non-limiting embodiments, the compositions of the presentinvention can be included in anti-aging, skin-whitening/lightening,cleansing, or moisturizing products. The compositions can also beformulated for topical skin application at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ormore times a day during use. In other aspects of the present invention,compositions can be storage stable or color stable, or both. It is alsocontemplated that the viscosity of the composition can be selected toachieve a desired result (e.g., depending on the type of compositiondesired, the viscosity of such composition can be from about 1 cps towell over 1 million cps or any range or integer derivable therein (e.g.,2 cps, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000,80000, 90000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000, 600000, 700000,800000, 900000, 1000000 cps, etc., as measured on a BrookfieldViscometer using a TC spindle at 2.5 rpm at 25° C.). In particularembodiments, the composition has a viscosity ranging from 14,000 to30,000 cps. The compositions in non-limiting aspects can have a pH ofabout 6 to about 9. In other aspects, the pH can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14. In other aspects, the compositions can besunscreens having a sun protection factor (SPF) of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25,30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or more.

The compositions of the present invention can also be modified to have adesired oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value. In certainnon-limiting aspects, the compositions of the present invention can bemodified to have an ORAC value per mg of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 30000, 50000, 100000 ormore or any range derivable therein.

In particular aspects, the compositions can be oil-free, substantiallyanhydrous, and/or anhydrous. Other aspects include compositions havingwater.

In some embodiments, methods for making compounds are providedcomprising: (a) mixing a zinc molecule and a molecule comprising anacidic hydrogen in a liquid comprising at least about 80% by weightalcohol; (b) mixing the zinc molecule and the molecule comprising anacidic hydrogen in a sealed container, wherein the zinc molecule bondsto the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen. Also provided arecompounds, such as the compounds disclosed herein, prepared by a processcomprising the steps of: (a) mixing a zinc molecule and a moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen having an acidic hydrogen in a liquidcomprising at least about 80% by weight alcohol; (b) mixing the zincmolecule and the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen in a sealedcontainer, wherein the zinc molecule bonds to the molecule comprising anacidic hydrogen. A bond between the zinc molecule and the moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen may be covalent or ionic.

In yet another embodiment, there is disclosed a process for making acompound of formula:

wherein R is O⁻ or OH, or

wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ are each independently hydrogen or zinc oxide,provided that at least one of R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ is zinc oxide,comprising mixing a zinc oxide and a molecule having the formula:

in a liquid to form a substantially anhydrous mixture, wherein saidliquid comprises at least 80% by weight of alcohol in said liquid; andobtaining from the mixture a compound of formula (I) or formula (II). Incertain aspects, R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ on the zinc oxide/ascorbic acidcomplex are each independently hydrogen or zinc oxide, provided that atleast one of R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ is zinc oxide. In particular aspects, R₁and R₂ are zinc oxide and R3 and R₄ are H. In some aspects, R₁ or R₂ arezinc oxide and R₃, and R₄ are H. In still other aspects, R₁, and R₂ areH and R₃, and/or R₄ are zinc oxide. In one aspect, all of R₁, R₂, R₃,and R₄ are each zinc oxide. In one embodiment, R₁ is zinc oxide and eachof R₂ R₃, and R₄ are H, or R₂ is zinc oxide and each of R₁ R₃, and R₄are H, or R₃ is zinc oxide and each of R₁ R₂, and R₄ are H, or R₄ iszinc oxide and each of R₁ R₂, and R₃ are H. In addition to avobenzoneand ascorbic acid, other molecules having acidic hydrogen can be used inthis process (e.g., lactic acid, glycolic acid, oleic acid,hydroxyproline, azaleic acid, salicylic acid, etc.), which would resultin the compounds disclosed throughout this specification, identified inthe figures, and illustrated in the Examples. In particular, aspects,the alcohol can be methanol, ethanol, propanol, or isopropanol, ormixtures thereof. The molar ratio of the zinc oxide and the moleculeshaving an acidic hydrogen present in the mixture can be at a molar ratioof about 1:1 to about 2:1. The mixture can be mixed at room temperature(which is approximately about 20° C. to about 25° C.). Alternatively,heat can be used to speed up the reaction process. In particularaspects, the mixture can be mixed for 7 to 21 days at room temperature.The resulting or produced compound can be isolated by filtrationfollowed by air-drying, evaporation, or spray-drying the filteredsubstance (filtrate). The resulting or produced compound can be incrystal form, semi-crystalline form, or amorphous form. The alcohol canbe present within the liquid at amounts of at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 99,to 100%. In certain aspects, a co-solvent can be used to assist insolubilizing the molecule having an acidic hydrogen within the mixture.The mixture can consist of zinc oxide, the molecule having an acidichydrogen, and an alcohol (or mixture of alcohols). The mixture canconsist of zinc oxide, the molecule having an acidic hydrogen, analcohol, and/or a co-solvent (e.g., toluene).

Further, the processes of mixing zinc oxide with a molecule having anacidic hydrogen can also result in a polymeric chain of alternating zincoxide monomers with a molecule having an acidic hydrogen. For instance,if “A” represents zinc oxide and “B” represents the molecule having anacid hydrogen, then the polymeric structure would be A/B/A/B/A/B . . . .The link between A and B would take place between zinc and the oxygenfrom the hydroxyl group of the acid hydrogen.

In certain aspects, methods of treating or preventing a skin conditionare provided. For example, any of the compounds disclosed herein may beuseful in methods of treating or preventing a skin condition. Inparticular aspects, a method of treating or preventing a skin conditionis provided using a compound comprising at least one zinc moleculechemically bound to at least one molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen,wherein the compound is prepared by a process comprising the steps of:(a) mixing a zinc molecule and a molecule comprising an acidic hydrogenhaving an acidic hydrogen in a liquid comprising at least about 80% byweight alcohol; (b) mixing the zinc molecule and the molecule comprisingan acidic hydrogen in a sealed container, wherein the zinc moleculebonds to the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen. Non-limitingexamples of skin conditions include pruritus, spider veins, lentigo, agespots, senile purpura, keratosis, melasma, blotches, fine lines orwrinkles, nodules, sun damaged skin, dermatitis (including, but notlimited to seborrheic dermatitis, nummular dermatitis, contactdermatitis, atopic dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, perioraldermatitis, and stasis dermatitis), psoriasis, folliculitis, rosacea,acne, impetigo, erysipelas, erythrasma, eczema, and other inflammatoryskin conditions. In certain non-limiting aspects, the skin condition canbe caused by exposure to UV light, age, irradiation, chronic sunexposure, environmental pollutants, air pollution, wind, cold, heat,chemicals, disease pathologies, smoking, or lack of nutrition. Inparticular aspects, the skin condition to be treated may be dry skin,rash, acne, poison ivy, skin irritation, a wound, a freckle, a sunspot,an age spot, skin discoloration, fine lines, wrinkles,hyperpigmentation, or dandruff.

The skin treated can be facial skin or non-facial skin (e.g., arms,legs, hands, chest, back, feet, etc.). The method can further compriseidentifying a person in need of skin treatment. The person can be a maleor female. The age of the person can be at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90,95, or more years old, or any range derivable therein. The method canalso include topically applying an amount effective to: increase thestratum corneum turnover rate of the skin; increase collagen synthesisin fibroblasts; increase cellular anti-oxidant defense mechanisms (e.g.,exogenous additions of anti-oxidants can bolster, replenish, or preventthe loss of cellular antioxidants such as catalase and glutathione inskin cells (e.g., keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, etc.)which will reduce or prevent oxidative damage to the skin, cellular,proteins, and lipids); inhibit melanin production in melanocytes; reduceor prevent oxidative damage to skin (including reducing the amount lipidperoxides and/or protein oxidation in the skin). In certain embodiments,compositions of the present invention can decrease the amount ofinternal oxidation and/or external oxidative damage in a cell. In otheraspects, the compositions can increase collagen synthesis in a cell. Thecompositions can also reduce skin inflammation, such as by reducinginflammatory cytokine production in a cell. Non-limiting examples ofsuch cells include human epidermal keratinocyte, human fibroblast dermalcell, human melanocytes, three dimensional human cell-derived in vitrotissue equivalents comprising human keratinocytes, human fibroblasts, orhuman melanocytes, or any combination thereof (e.g., combination ofhuman keratinocytes and human fibroblasts or a combination of humankeratinocytes and human melanocytes).

In other aspects, methods of protecting a surface against ultravioletradiation are provided. For example, a surface may be protected againstultraviolet radiation by applying to the surface any of the compoundsdisclosed herein. In certain embodiments, a method of protecting asurface against ultraviolet radiation is provided using a compositionthat contains a compound comprising at least one zinc moleculecovalently bound to at least one molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen,wherein the compound is prepared by a process comprising the steps of:(a) mixing a zinc molecule and a molecule comprising an acidic hydrogenhaving an acidic hydrogen in a liquid comprising at least about 80% byweight alcohol; (b) mixing the zinc molecule and the molecule comprisingan acidic hydrogen in a sealed container, wherein the zinc moleculebonds to the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen. In someembodiments, the surface to be protected from ultraviolet radiation isskin, wood, plastic, glass, or metal.

Also provided are compositions for protecting a surface againstultraviolet radiation. For example, such compositions may comprise acompound comprising at least one zinc molecule covalently bound to atleast one molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen, wherein the compoundis prepared by a process comprising the steps of: (a) mixing a zincmolecule and a molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen having an acidichydrogen in a liquid comprising at least about 80% by weight alcohol;(b) mixing the zinc molecule and the molecule comprising an acidichydrogen in a sealed container, wherein the zinc molecule bonds to themolecule comprising an acidic hydrogen. Also, a composition forprotecting a surface against ultraviolet radiation my comprise any ofthe compounds disclosed herein. Compositions for protecting a surfaceagainst ultraviolet radiation may comprise a topical skin composition, acosmetic, a paint, an adhesive, an ointment, a sealant, a tape, a film,a spray, a cleanser, a physical sunblock composition, a chemicalsunblock composition, a gel, or a polish.

Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for making a pharmaceuticalcomposition are provided. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprises a liquid, a gel, a capsule, a spray, an aerosol, atablet, or a lozenge. Pharmaceutical compositions may be administered bytopical, oral, nasal, buccal, rectal, or vaginal means. In certainembodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is administered byintravenous, intraspinal, intracerebral, intradermal, subcutaneous,intramuscular, or intraperitoneal methods.

In some embodiments, a composition comprising a compound disclosedherein comprises a sunscreen, an exfoliating composition, a chemicalpeel, a moisturizer, a silicone-containing composition, a skin-calmingcomposition, an ointment, a cream, a cleanser, an anhydrous composition,an antimicrobial composition, an antifungal composition, an astringent,a cosmetic, a cosmetic foundation, a powder, a water-resistantcomposition, a wound-healing composition, a skin-whitening composition,a perfume, an anti-inflammatory composition, a deodorizing composition,or an antiperspirant.

Also contemplated are kits that include compositions of the presentinvention. In certain embodiments, the composition is comprised in acontainer. The container can be a bottle, dispenser, or package. Thecontainer can dispense a pre-determined amount of the composition. Incertain aspects, the compositions is dispensed in a spray, dollop, orliquid. The container can include indicia on its surface. The indiciacan be a word, an abbreviation, a picture, or a symbol.

Also contemplated is a product comprising a composition of the presentinvention. In non-limiting aspects, the product can be a cosmeticproduct or a pharmaceutical product. The cosmetic product orpharmaceutical product can be those described in other sections of thisspecification or those known to a person of skill in the art.Non-limiting examples of cosmetic products include a moisturizer, acream, a lotion, a skin softener, a foundation, a night cream, alipstick, a cleanser, a toner, a sunscreen, a mask, or an anti-agingproduct. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutical products include aliquid, a gel, a capsule, a spray, an aerosol, a tablet, or a lozenge.

In certain embodiments, methods for preparing a compound comprising zincoxide and ascorbic acid are provided. In certain embodiments, the zincoxide and ascorbic acid are mixed in a liquid comprising at least about80% by weight alcohol comprises nitrogen-free alcohol. In certainaspects, the mixing is performed under a nitrogen blanket. The sealedcontainer may be an opaque container. The zinc oxide and ascorbic acidmolecules may be mixed for about 7 days to about 21 days, or they may bemixed for about 14 days to about 28 days.

In some aspects, methods for preparing a compound comprising zinc oxideand avobenzone are provided. In certain embodiments, the zinc oxide andavobenzone molecules from particulate complexes comprising zinc oxideand avobenzone. Such complexes may be isolated by, for example,filtering. In particular aspects, the complexes containing zinc oxideand avobenzone exhibit a melting point greater than about 80 degrees C.

Also provided are methods for preparing a compound comprising zinc oxideand lactic acid. For example, in certain aspects, the zinc oxide andlactic acid molecules are mixed for about 7 days to 21 days. In someembodiments, the zinc oxide and lactic acid molecules form particulatecomplexes comprising zinc oxide and lactic acid. Complexes comprisingzinc oxide and lactic acid may be isolated by methods such as, forexample, filtering. In certain embodiments, the complexes comprisingzinc oxide and lactic acid dissociate in an aqueous solution. Inparticular aspects, the complexes containing zinc oxide and lactic acidexhibit a melting point greater than about 53 degrees C.

In some embodiments, methods for preparing a compound comprising zincoxide and glycolic acid are provided. In certain aspects, the methodsprovide for the formation of particulate complexes comprising zinc oxideand glycolic acid. Such particulate complexes may be isolate by methodssuch as, for example, filtering.

In particular embodiments, methods for preparing a compound comprisingzinc oxide and oleic acid are provided. The zinc oxide and oleic acidmolecules may be mixed for about 14 days to about 28 days. The zincoxide and oleic acid molecules, in certain embodiments, form particulatecomplexes comprising zinc oxide and oleic acid. Such complexes may beisolated by methods such as, for example, filtering.

Also provided are methods for preparing a compound comprising zinc oxideand hydroxyproline. In certain aspects, the zinc oxide andhydroxyproline molecules are mixed in a liquid comprising at least about80% by weight alcohol comprises. The alcohol may be an anhydrousalcohol. In some embodiments, the zinc oxide and hydroxyprolinemolecules form particulate complexes comprising zinc oxide andhydroxyproline. Such complexes may be isolated by methods such as, forexample, filtering. In some aspects, the zinc oxide and hydroxyprolinemolecules are mixed for about 7 days to about 21 days.

In some embodiments, methods are provided for preparing a compoundcomprising zinc oxide and azelaic acid. In certain aspects, the zincoxide and azelaic acid molecules form complexes comprising zinc oxideand azelaic acid. Such complexes may exhibit a melting point greaterthan about 104 degrees C.

Provided are methods for preparing a compound comprising zinc oxide andsalicylic acid. In certain aspects of such methods, the zinc oxide andsalicylic acid molecules form particulate complexes comprising zincoxide and salicylic acid. Such complexes may be isolated by methods suchas, for example, filtering. In some embodiments, complexes comprisingzinc oxide and salicylic acid exhibit a melting point greater than about159 degrees C.

Also provided are methods for preparing a compound comprising zinc oxideand citric acid. In particular aspects, the zinc oxide and citric acidmolecules are mixed in about a 1:1 molar ratio of zinc molecules tocitric acid molecules. In other aspects, the zinc oxide and citric acidmolecules are mixed in about a 2:1 molar ratio of zinc molecules tocitric acid molecules. The zinc oxide and citric acid molecules may formparticulate complexes comprising zinc oxide and citric acid. Suchcomplexes may be isolated by methods such as, for example, filtering.

It is contemplated that the compositions comprising compounds disclosedherein may deliver an active agent. In some embodiments, the activeagent is a vitamin, an acid, an antioxidant, or a medicament. Forexample, in certain embodiments, complexes of the present invention areused to deliver an alpha-hydroxy acid, lactic acid, azelaic acid,salicylic acid, glyceryl salicylate, ascorbic acid, zinc, or zinc oxide.

In some aspects, a complex is providing having the formulaZnO.CH₃(CH₂)₇CH═CH(CH₂)₇COOH. In other aspects, a complex is providedhaving the formula ZnO.CH₃CH(OH)COOH, having the formulaZnO.2(CH₃CH(OH)COOH), having the formula ZnO.HOCH₂COOH, having theformula ZnO.HOOC(CH₂)₇COOH, having the formula ZnO.HOOCCH₂CHOHCOOH,having the formula ZnO.HOC(COOH)(CH₂COOH)₂, having the formula2(ZnO).HOC(COOH)(CH₂COOH)₂, having the formula ZnO.OC1CNC(C1)C(O)═O,having the formula ZnO.C6H4(OH)COOH, having the formulaZnO.2(C6H4(OH)COOH), having the formula ZnO.C(C(C1C(═O)C(═C(O1)O)O)O)O,having the formula ZnO.CC(C)(C)C1=CC═C(C═C1)C(═O)CC(═O)C2=CC═C(C═C2)OC,having the formula ZnO.C1=CC═C(C═C1)O, or having the formulaZnO.C1=C(OC═C(C1=O)O)CO. Any such complex or any complex disclosedherein may be in crystalline form, semi-crystalline form, or amorphousform.

It is also contemplated that complexes disclosed herein may aid in theprocess of vulcanization of rubber or pre-vulcanization of liquid latexrubber. Vulcanization is a chemical process that converts rubber orrelated polymers into more durable materials, such as by the addition ofsulfur or similar components. Vulcanized materials are desirable becauseof their improved properties, such as decreased stickiness and improvedmechanical properties. Many products are made using vulcanized rubber,such as tires, shoe sole, and hoses. In some embodiments, complexescomprising zinc oxide and a vulcanizing accelerator (e.g., disulfides,dithiocarbamates, thiurams, alkylphenoldisulfides, or any othervulcanizing accelerator known to those of skill in the art) areprovided. In some embodiments, such complexes may be used to aid in thevulcanization process by delivering the vulcanizing accelerator to theprocess or by improving the ability of the vulcanizing accelerator tocatalyze the vulcanization. Also provided are methods of using suchcomplexes to accelerate vulcanization.

The invention also provides compounds comprising a first moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen and a second molecule comprising anamphoteric oxide other than zinc oxide. The amphoteric oxide other thanzinc oxide may be calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, copperoxide, and cobalt oxide. In yet other embodiments, the inventionprovides compounds comprising a first molecule comprising an acidichydrogen and a second molecule comprising zinc. For example, the secondmolecule comprising zinc may be zinc nitrate, zinc nitrite, or amolecule containing zinc nitrate or zinc nitrite.

Some chemical formulas used herein are provided in simplified molecularinput line entry specification (SMILES) format. SMILES is aspecification that unambiguously describes the structure of chemicalmolecules. Use of SMILES to describe chemical molecules is known tothose of ordinary skill in the art.

In one embodiment, compositions of the present invention can bepharmaceutically or cosmetically elegant. “Pharmaceutically elegant”and/or “cosmetically elegant” describes a composition that hasparticular tactile properties which feel pleasant on the skin (e.g.,compositions that are not too watery or greasy, compositions that have asilky texture, compositions that are non-tacky or sticky, etc.).Pharmaceutically or cosmetically elegant can also relate to thecreaminess or lubricity properties of the composition or to the moistureretaining properties of the composition.

As used herein, the terms “bond” or “bound” refer to a chemical bondbetween two molecules and include covalent or ionic bonds.

As used herein, the terms “compound” or “complex” refer to the resultingstructure or association that is obtained when two or more molecules arelinked together via one or more chemical bonds.

As used herein, the term “acidic molecule” includes any molecule thathas an acidic hydrogen. The term “acidic hydrogen” refers to a substancethat donates one ore more hydrogen ions to another substance, or asubstance in which a hydrogen atom can be removed from the substance bya base (e.g., sodium hydroxide, amines, etc.). One or more “acidichydrogens” within a given molecule can be bonded to carbon, oxygen,nitrogen, sulfur or any other element in the Periodic Table of theElements.

“Topical application” means to apply or spread a composition onto thesurface of keratinous tissue. “Topical skin composition” includescompositions suitable for topical application on keratinous tissue. Suchcompositions are typically dermatologically-acceptable in that they donot have undue toxicity, incompatibility, instability, allergicresponse, and the like, when applied to skin. Topical skin carecompositions of the present invention can have a selected viscosity toavoid significant dripping or pooling after application to skin.

“Keratinous tissue” includes keratin-containing layers disposed as theoutermost protective covering of mammals and includes, but is notlimited to, skin, hair and nails.

The terms “mixture,” “mix,” and “mixing” or any variants of these terms,when used in the claims and/or specification includes, stirring,blending, dispersing, milling, homogenizing, and other similar methods.The mixing of the components or ingredients of the disclosedcompositions can form into a solution. In other embodiments, themixtures may not form a solution. The ingredients/components can alsoexist as undissolved colloidal suspensions.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” means that which is useful in preparing apharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neitherbiologically nor otherwise undesirable and includes that which isacceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” means salts of compounds of thepresent invention which are pharmaceutically acceptable, as definedabove, and which possess the desired pharmacological activity. Suchsalts include acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such ashydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,phosphoric acid, and the like; or with organic acids such as1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid,2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid,4,4′-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid),4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, acetic acid,aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, aliphatic sulfuric acids,aromatic sulfuric acids, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid,camphorsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid,cyclopentanepropionic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, fumaric acid,glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, glycolic acid,heptanoic acid, hexanoic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, lactic acid,laurylsulfuric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelicacid, methanesulfonic acid, muconic acid, o-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoicacid, oxalic acid, p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, phenyl-substitutedalkanoic acids, propionic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, pyruvic acid,salicylic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid,tertiarybutylacetic acid, trimethylacetic acid, and the like.Pharmaceutically acceptable salts also include base addition salts whichmay be formed when acidic protons present are capable of reacting withinorganic or organic bases. Acceptable inorganic bases include sodiumhydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide andcalcium hydroxide. Acceptable organic bases include ethanolamine,diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine and thelike. It should be recognized that the particular anion or cationforming a part of any salt of this invention is not critical, so long asthe salt, as a whole, is pharmacologically acceptable. Additionalexamples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their methods ofpreparation and use are presented in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts:Properties, and Use (P. H. Stahl & C. G. Wermuth eds., Verlag HelveticaChimica Acta, 2002)

The term “about” or “approximately” are defined as being close to asunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limitingembodiment the terms are defined to be within 10%, preferably within 5%,more preferably within 1%, and most preferably within 0.5%.

The term “substantially” and its variations are defined as being largelybut not necessarily wholly what is specified as understood by one ofordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting embodimentsubstantially refers to ranges within 10%, within 5%, within 1%, orwithin 0.5%. Thus, a composition that is substantially anhydrous hasless than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%, or less than 0.5% by weightof the composition or mixture of water. An anhydrous composition ormixture (which is also contemplated as being useful in the context ofthe present invention) can also be used and would have no water.

The terms “inhibiting” or “reducing” or any variation of these terms,when used in the claims and/or the specification includes any measurabledecrease or complete inhibition to achieve a desired result.

The term “effective,” as that term is used in the specification and/orclaims, means adequate to accomplish a desired, expected, or intendedresult.

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term“comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” butit is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,”and “one or more than one.”

The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unlessexplicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternativesare mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definitionthat refers to only alternatives and “and/or.”

The compositions of the invention can comprise, consist essentially of,or consist of the claimed ingredients. In one aspect, compositionsconsisting essentially of the claimed ingredients excludes ingredientsthat would materially affect one or more of a given composition'sdesired characteristics, such as the ability to firm skin, increase theelasticity of skin, stimulate dermal or epidermal cellular activity ofskin to increase the connection between the dermal and epidermal layers,reduce or prevent free-radical damage or oxidative damage of skin,moisturize skin, protect a surface from ultraviolet radiation, and/orreduce or prevent dry skin or flaky skin.

As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (andany form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having”(and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and anyform of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing”(and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) areinclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecitedelements or method steps.

Any embodiment of any of the present methods, kits, and compositions mayconsist of or consist essentially of—rather thancomprise/include/contain/have—the described features and/or steps. Thus,in any of the claims, the term “consisting of” or “consistingessentially of” may be substituted for any of the open-ended linkingverbs recited above, in order to change the scope of a given claim fromwhat it would otherwise be using the open-ended linking verb

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description. It should beunderstood, however, that the detailed description and the examples,while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by wayof illustration only. Additionally, it is contemplated that changes andmodifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings form part of the present specification and areincluded to further demonstrate certain aspects of the presentinvention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one ormore of these drawings in combination with the detailed description ofspecific embodiments presented below.

FIG. 1: Infrared data concerning Zinc Oxide.

FIGS. 2A-C: Infrared data concerning a zinc oxide/azaleic acid compound.

FIGS. 3A-C: Infrared data concerning a zinc oxide/avobenzone compound.

FIGS. 4A-C: Infrared data concerning a zinc oxide/oleic acid compound.

FIG. 5: Infrared data concerning a zinc oxide/hydroxyproline compound.

FIGS. 6A-C: Infrared data concerning a zinc oxide/lactic acid compound.

FIGS. 7A-F: Infrared data concerning a zinc oxide/salicylic acidcompound.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Acidic molecules, such as molecules containing an acidic hydrogen, havemany beneficial properties. For example, such molecules may act asexfoliants, acne treatments, sunscreens, wrinkle treatments, ordiscoloration treatments. Thus, acidic molecules may be useful in manytopical skin compositions or pharmaceutical compositions. However,despite all of the beneficial properties of acidic molecules, suchmolecules can cause irritation to the skin.

Zinc oxide has many beneficial properties including its antibacterial,antifungal, anti-inflammatory, skin-calming, and UV-protectionproperties. Thus, zinc oxide may be useful in many topical skincompositions or pharmaceutical compositions. For example, zinc oxide maybe useful in compositions that contain acidic molecules, where theskin-soothing properties of zinc oxide can counteract the undesirableskin-irritating effects of the acidic molecules.

The present invention overcomes deficiencies in the prior art byproviding stable compounds that contain zinc oxide chemically bound to amolecule comprising an acidic hydrogen. Such compounds provideadvantages over prior art compounds because the compounds of the presentinvention are stable in a variety of environments such as aqueous,non-aqueous, low pH, high pH, high temperature, low temperature, humid,and dry storage environments. In addition, compounds comprising zincoxide chemically bound to a molecule having an acidic hydrogen arebeneficial over the prior art in that such compounds allow one toreadily control the ratio of zinc oxide molecules to molecules having anacidic hydrogen. Finally, the compounds of the present invention allow azinc oxide molecule to be delivered with each molecule comprising anacidic hydrogen, thus ensuring that the skin-soothing effects of zincoxide are provided at the precise location where skin-soothingproperties are needed.

A. Compounds

In certain aspects, compounds containing one or more zinc molecules andone or more molecules comprising an acidic hydrogen are provided, aswell as salts thereof. For example, compounds containing one or morezinc oxide molecules covalently or ionically bound to one or more acidicmolecules are provided. In particular embodiments, zinc oxide iscovalently bound to a molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen. Theinvention also provides effective methods for producing such compoundsand compositions comprising one or more of such compounds.

As will be clear from the present disclosure, compounds and compositionsof the invention have numerous uses, such as, but not limited to, intopical skin compositions, in pharmaceutical compositions, as deliveryvehicles for active agents, or in methods for treating a skin conditionsor protecting a surface from ultraviolet radiation.

1. Zinc Molecules

Zinc is a metallic chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number30. Zinc is an essential mineral, and zinc deficiency affects about twobillion people in the developing world and is associated with manydiseases. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are common,such as alcohol dehydrogenase.

In some embodiments, the zinc molecule is zinc oxide. Zinc oxide has thechemical formula ZnO. It is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueoussolutions. Compositions containing zinc oxide may be useful asantibacterial compositions, for protection from ultraviolet radiation,as ointments (e.g., for soothing skin irritation), as calamine lotions,in restorative or prosthodontic compositions, as deodorants, as packingmaterials, in baby powders, in barrier creams, in anti-dandruffcompositions, as antiseptics, as components of athletic tapes, insunscreen compositions, in anti-inflammatory compositions, as componentsof filters (e.g., cigarette filters), as food additives, as dietarysupplements, as pigments (e.g., in paints or topical skin formulations),or as coatings (e.g., an anti-corrosive coating), among other uses thatare known to one of skill in the art.

Compositions that contain zinc oxide may include topical skinformulations, pharmaceutical compositions, plastics, ceramics, glass,cement, rubber, lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesives, sealants,pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, and fire retardants, among others.

When used as an ingredient in sunscreen, zinc oxide sits on the skin'ssurface rather than being absorbed into the skin. Zinc oxide blocks bothUVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (280-320 nm) rays of ultraviolet light. Becausezinc oxide is not absorbed into the skin, it is non-irritating andnon-allergenic. Zinc oxide can be used in ointments, creams, lotions,and sprays to protect against sunburn and other damage to the skincaused by ultraviolet light.

Zinc oxide coatings may be used for energy-saving or heat-protectingwindows. The coating allows the visible part of the spectrum to passthrough while reflecting infrared (IR) radiation back into the room(energy saving) or preventing the IR radiation from entering the room(heat protecting), depending on which side of the window has thecoating. Zinc oxide coatings may also be used to protect plastics, suchas polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). Zinc oxide can also be used to coatpolycarbonate (PC) to protect it from solar radiation and decrease itsrate of oxidation and photo-yellowing.

2. Acidic Molecules

Molecules comprising an acidic hydrogen, also referred to herein asacidic molecules, have many beneficial properties, as discussedthroughout the specification. Such benefits include, but are not limitedto, the following properties: exfoliating, anti-aging, wrinkle-treating,discoloration-treating, anti-acne, antibacterial, and antifungalproperties.

Acidic molecules useful in the invention include, but are not limitedto, cyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids (e.g., cyclohexane carboxylicacid, straight-chain olefinic carboxylic acids (e.g., acrylic acid,oleic acid). branched-chain olefinic carboxylic acids (e.g., angelicacid (or Z-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid), tiglic acid (or E-2-butenoicacid)), straight-chain polyunsaturated olefinic carboxylic acids (e.g.,linoleic acid, linolenic acid, retinoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid),aliphatic alpha-hydroxy acids (e.g., lactic acid), aliphaticbeta-hydroxy acids, aliphatic delta-hydroxy acids, aliphaticgamma-hydroxy acids, glycolic acid, vitamins comprising a carboxylicacid group, aliphatic or olefinic di-acids, dicarboxylic acids (e.g.,azelaic acid, malic acid, adipic acid, tartaric acid), tri-acids (e.g.,citric acid), amino acids (e.g., hydroxyproline), aromatic acids (e.g.,benzoic acid, salicylic acid), substituted aromatic acids (e.g.,para-aminobenzoic acid), aromatic di-acids (e.g., phthalic acid),aromatic tri-acids (e.g., trimellitic acid), ascorbic acid, a sugar acid(e.g., gluconic acid), mevalonic acid, thio-acids (e.g., thioglycolicacid, thiolactic acid), beta-diketones (e.g., avobenzone),dihydroxyacetone, phenols, substituted phenols, steroids, vulcanizingaccelerators (e.g., disulfides, dithiocarbamates, thiurams,alkylphenoldisulfides), pyrithione, anthralin (or dithranol), Kojicacid, or cyclic unsaturated olefinic carboxylic acids. A moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen may also be any molecule that has at leastone acidic hydrogen located alpha to a: ketone, double bond, benzenering, ether, or carboxylic acid.

B. Methods of Making Compounds

Also provided are methods for producing a compound comprising a moleculecomprising zinc oxide that is chemically bound to a molecule comprisingan acidic hydrogen. Most commonly, the molecule comprising an acidichydrogen is a weak organic acid (as opposed to, for example, a strongmineral acid).

The formation of a complex between zinc oxide and the moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen (e.g., an acidic organic compound) can beconfirmed by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. For example, formation of thecomplex is indicated by an IR spectrum that exhibits a combination ofthe IR spectrum of zinc oxide and the IR spectrum of the moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen (e.g., the particular acidic organiccompound used).

Zinc oxide complexes may be formed in an alcohol solution, such as anethanol solution, containing approximately 20% or less water. In someembodiments, the solution contains approximately 10% or less water.Suitable alcohols include but are not limited to ethanol, anhydrousreagent grade alcohol, methanol, isopropanol, butanol, octanol, or anysuch alcohol known to those of skill in the art. Moreover, zinc oxidecomplexes may be formed in a solvent solution that does or does notcontain alcohol. Suitable solvents include but are not limited totoluene, hexanes, acetone, or any such solvent known to those of skillin the art. Mixing may occur in any combination of such alcohols orsolvents and may vary depending on how much of a particular alcohol orother solvent is needed to help solubilize the components of the zincoxide complex.

The zinc oxide molecule and the molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen(such as an organic compound or organic acid) may be weighed in a 1:1molar ratio. In other embodiments, the zinc oxide molecule and themolecule comprising an acidic hydrogen are weighed in a 2:1 molar ratio.Typically, when preparing compounds comprising zinc oxide, about 1 gramof zinc oxide is used. In particular embodiments, the zinc oxidemolecule and molecule comprising an acidic hydrogen are placed in aglass jar with approximately 200-250 mL of alcohol solution. The glassjar may be sealed with a lid. Mixing may occur by any method known toone of skill in the art—e.g., by stirring, by stirring via a magneticstirrer and magnetic stir bar, by sonication, by vortexing, by shaking,or by any combination of such methods.

The mixture may be sampled periodically to observe formation of thecomplexes. A typical reaction may take from about 7 to about 28 days.

Further, the processes of mixing zinc oxide with a molecule having anacidic hydrogen can also result in a polymeric chain of alternating zincoxide monomers with a molecule having an acidic hydrogen. For instance,if “A” represents zinc oxide and “B” represents the molecule having anacid hydrogen, then the polymeric structure would be A/B/A/B/A/B . . . .The link between A and B would take place between zinc and the oxygenfrom the hydroxyl group of the acid hydrogen.

Examples of methods employed to provide specific compounds are discussedin more detail below. It is contemplated that one of skill in the artmay choose to make changes to the methods employed herein to optimizeproduction of the desired compound. Ways of altering the amounts ofingredients, conditions for mixing, mixing time, etc., are well known tothose of skill in the art.

C. Compositions of the Present Invention

The compounds, as described throughout the specification, can beincorporated into compositions such as topical skin formulations orpharmaceutical formulations (e.g., oral, topical, injectable, etc.).

Additionally, the compositions can include any number of combinations ofadditional ingredients described throughout this specification. Theconcentrations of any ingredient (including the compounds disclosedherein) within the compositions can vary. In non-limiting embodiments,for example, the compositions can comprise, consist essentially of, orconsist of, in their final form, for example, at least about 0.0001%,0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%,0.0010%, 0.0011%, 0.0012%, 0.0013%, 0.0014%, 0.0015%, 0.0016%, 0.0017%,0.0018%, 0.0019%, 0.0020%, 0.0021%, 0.0022%, 0.0023%, 0.0024%, 0.0025%,0.0026%, 0.0027%, 0.0028%, 0.0029%, 0.0030%, 0.0031%, 0.0032%, 0.0033%,0.0034%, 0.0035%, 0.0036%, 0.0037%, 0.0038%, 0.0039%, 0.0040%, 0.0041%,0.0042%, 0.0043%, 0.0044%, 0.0045%, 0.0046%, 0.0047%, 0.0048%, 0.0049%,0.0050%, 0.0051%, 0.0052%, 0.0053%, 0.0054%, 0.0055%, 0.0056%, 0.0057%,0.0058%, 0.0059%, 0.0060%, 0.0061%, 0.0062%, 0.0063%, 0.0064%, 0.0065%,0.0066%, 0.0067%, 0.0068%, 0.0069%, 0.0070%, 0.0071%, 0.0072%, 0.0073%,0.0074%, 0.0075%, 0.0076%, 0.0077%, 0.0078%, 0.0079%, 0.0080%, 0.0081%,0.0082%, 0.0083%, 0.0084%, 0.0085%, 0.0086%, 0.0087%, 0.0088%, 0.0089%,0.0090%, 0.0091%, 0.0092%, 0.0093%, 0.0094%, 0.0095%, 0.0096%, 0.0097%,0.0098%, 0.0099%, 0.0100%, 0.0200%, 0.0250%, 0.0275%, 0.0300%, 0.0325%,0.0350%, 0.0375%, 0.0400%, 0.0425%, 0.0450%, 0.0475%, 0.0500%, 0.0525%,0.0550%, 0.0575%, 0.0600%, 0.0625%, 0.0650%, 0.0675%, 0.0700%, 0.0725%,0.0750%, 0.0775%, 0.0800%, 0.0825%, 0.0850%, 0.0875%, 0.0900%, 0.0925%,0.0950%, 0.0975%, 0.1000%, 0.1250%, 0.1500%, 0.1750%, 0.2000%, 0.2250%,0.2500%, 0.2750%, 0.3000%, 0.3250%, 0.3500%, 0.3750%, 0.4000%, 0.4250%,0.4500%, 0.4750%, 0.5000%, 0.5250%, 0.0550%, 0.5750%, 0.6000%, 0.6250%,0.6500%, 0.6750%, 0.7000%, 0.7250%, 0.7500%, 0.7750%, 0.8000%, 0.8250%,0.8500%, 0.8750%, 0.9000%, 0.9250%, 0.9500%, 0.9750%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%,1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%,2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%,3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%,4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%,6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%,7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%,8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%,9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%,21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% or any range derivabletherein, of at least one of the compounds or other ingredients that arementioned throughout the specification and claims. In non-limitingaspects, the percentage can be calculated by weight or volume of thetotal composition. A person of ordinary skill in the art wouldunderstand that the concentrations can vary depending on the addition,substitution, and/or subtraction of ingredients in a given composition.

The compounds and compositions of the present invention can beincorporated into all types of cosmetically and dermalogicallyacceptable vehicles. Non-limiting examples of suitable vehicles includeemulsions (e.g., water-in-oil, water-in-oil-in-water, oil-in-water,silicone-in-water, water-in-silicone, oil-in-water-in-oil,oil-in-water-in-silicone emulsions), creams, lotions, solutions (bothaqueous and hydro-alcoholic), anhydrous bases (such as lipsticks andpowders), gels, and ointments or by other method or any combination ofthe forgoing as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art(Remington's, 1990). Variations and other appropriate vehicles will beapparent to the skilled artisan and are appropriate for use in thepresent invention. In certain aspects, it is important that theconcentrations and combinations of the compounds, ingredients, andagents be selected in such a way that the combinations are chemicallycompatible and do not form complexes which precipitate from the finishedproduct.

It is also contemplated that compounds identified throughout thisspecification, or any combination thereof, can be individually orcombinatorially encapsulated for delivery to a target area such as skin.Non-limiting examples of encapsulation techniques include the use ofliposomes, vesicles, and/or nanoparticles (e.g., biodegradable andnon-biodegradable colloidal particles comprising polymeric materials inwhich the ingredient is trapped, encapsulated, and/or absorbed—examplesinclude nanospheres and nanocapsules) that can be used as deliveryvehicles to deliver the ingredient to skin (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,387,398; U.S. Pat. No. 6,203,802; U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,744; Kreuter1998).

D. Products and Articles of Manufacture

The compositions of the present invention can be incorporated intocosmetic products, food-based products (e.g., fortified water, energydrinks, nutritional drinks, vitamins, supplements, solid foods),pharmaceutical products, etc. Non-limiting examples of cosmetic productsinclude sunscreen products, sunless skin tanning products, hair products(e.g., shampoos, conditioners, colorants, dyes, bleaches, straighteners,and permanent wave products), fingernail products, moisturizing creams,skin creams and lotions, softeners, day lotions, gels, ointments,foundations, night creams, lipsticks and lip balms, cleansers, toners,masks, deodorants, antiperspirants, exfoliating compositions,shaving-related products (e.g., creams, “bracers” and aftershaves),pre-moistened wipes and washcloths, tanning lotions, bath products suchas oils, foot care products such as powders and sprays, skin colorantand make-up products such as foundations, blushes, rouges eye shadowsand lines, lip colors and mascaras, baby products (e.g., baby lotions,oils, shampoos, powders and wet wipes), and skin or facial peelproducts. Additionally, the cosmetic products can be formulated asleave-on or rinse-off products.

E. Delivery Systems

Some of the compounds comprising complexes of zinc oxide and a moleculecomprising an acidic hydrogen have properties such that the complexesdissociate in water or when they come into contact with acids present innormal skin. For example, complexes comprising zinc oxide and lacticacid dissociate in water. Such complexes may be useful as deliverysystems, and it is contemplated that zinc oxide may be used as adelivery system for any of the molecules comprising an acidic hydrogendisclosed herein. For example, the zinc oxide complexes may be useful asa delivery system for alpha-hydroxy acids, such as lactic acid, or forother acids, such as ascorbic acid, azelaic acid, or salicylic acid.

Complexes that dissociate in water may be comprised in an anhydrousproduct. When applied to skin, moisture from the skin would cause thezinc oxide complex to fall apart and release the molecule comprising anacidic hydrogen, such as lactic acid. Because zinc oxide hasskin-calming properties, the presence of zinc oxide in the deliverysystem would provide some calming action. Such calming action would beparticularly useful when delivering compounds that may irritate theskin, such as acidic compounds. For example, hydroxy acids have foundfrequent use in cosmetic applications because of, for example, theiranti-aging and exfoliating effects, but such acids may be irritating tothe skin. Thus, a delivery system comprising zinc oxide complexed withsuch acidic compounds would be useful to help alleviate skin irritationcaused by the acidic compound.

It is noted that azelaic acid and salicylic acid have anti-acneproperties. Thus, in particular embodiments, zinc oxide complexes areused to deliver azelaic acid or salicylic acid. Thus, it is contemplatedthat zinc oxide/azelaic acid complexes and zinc oxide/salicylic acidcomplexes will be useful in compositions for treatment of acne.

Moreover, it is noted that salicylic acid also has exfoliatingproperties. Thus, in particular aspects, zinc oxide/salicylic acidcomplexes will be useful in compositions for exfoliating skin. Incertain embodiments, zinc oxide/glyceryl salicylate complexes areprovided in compositions and methods of the present invention. Such zincoxide/glyceryl salicylate complexes may also be useful in compositionsfor exfoliating skin.

Zinc itself has numerous health benefits and is often included indietary and mineral supplements. Thus, it is contemplated that thecompounds disclosed herein may serve as delivery systems for zinc orzinc oxide.

F. Additional Ingredients

In addition to the compounds and other ingredients disclosed throughoutthis specification, compositions of the present invention can includeadditional ingredients such as cosmetic ingredients and pharmaceuticallyactive ingredients. Non-limiting examples of these additionalingredients are described in the following subsections.

1. Cosmetic Ingredients

The CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook (2004and 2008) describes a wide variety of non-limiting cosmetic ingredientsthat can be used in the context of the present invention. Examples ofthese ingredient classes include: fragrances (artificial and natural),dyes and color ingredients (e.g., Blue 1, Blue 1 Lake, Red 40, titaniumdioxide, D&C blue no. 4, D&C green no. 5, D&C orange no. 4, D&C red no.17, D&C red no. 33, D&C violet no. 2, D&C yellow no. 10, and D&C yellowno. 11), adsorbents, lubricants, solvents, moisturizers (including,e.g., emollients, humectants, film formers, occlusive agents, and agentsthat affect the natural moisturization mechanisms of the skin),water-repellants, UV absorbers (physical and chemical absorbers such asparaaminobenzoic acid (“PABA”) and corresponding PABA derivatives,titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, etc.), essential oils, vitamins (e.g. A,B, C, D, E, and K), trace metals (e.g. zinc, calcium and selenium),anti-irritants (e.g. steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories),botanical extracts (e.g. aloe vera, chamomile, cucumber extract, ginkgobiloba, ginseng, and rosemary), anti-microbial agents, antioxidants(e.g., BHT and tocopherol), chelating agents (e.g., disodium EDTA andtetrasodium EDTA), preservatives (e.g., methylparaben andpropylparaben), pH adjusters (e.g., sodium hydroxide and citric acid),absorbents (e.g., aluminum starch octenylsuccinate, kaolin, corn starch,oat starch, cyclodextrin, talc, and zeolite), skin bleaching andlightening agents (e.g., hydroquinone and niacinamide lactate),humectants (e.g., sorbitol, urea, and manitol), exfoliants,waterproofing agents (e.g., magnesium/aluminum hydroxide stearate), skinconditioning agents (e.g., aloe extracts, allantoin, bisabolol,ceramides, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid, and dipotassium glycyrrhizate).Non-limiting examples of some of these ingredients are provided in thefollowing subsections.

a. UV Absorption Agents/Sunscreen Agents

UV absorption agents that can be used in combination with thecompositions of the present invention include chemical and physicalsunblocks. Non-limiting examples of chemical sunblocks that can be usedinclude para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), PABA esters (glyceryl PABA,amyldimethyl PABA and octyldimethyl PABA), butyl PABA, ethyl PABA, ethyldihydroxypropyl PABA, benzophenones (oxybenzone, sulisobenzone,benzophenone, and benzophenone-1 through 12), cinnamates (and octylmethoxycinnamate, isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate, octylmethoxy cinnamate,cinoxate, diisopropyl methyl cinnamate, DEA-methoxycinnamate, ethyldiisopropylcinnamate, glyceryl octanoate dimethoxycinnamate and ethylmethoxycinnamate), cinnamate esters, salicylates (homomethyl salicylate,benzyl salicylate, glycol salicylate, isopropylbenzyl salicylate, etc.),anthranilates, ethyl urocanate, homosalate, dibenzoylmethane derivatives(e.g., avobenzone), octocrylene, etc. Non-limiting examples of physicalsunblocks include, kaolin, talc, petrolatum and metal oxides (e.g.,titanium dioxide and zinc oxide).

b. Moisturizing Agents

Non-limiting examples of moisturizing agents that can be used with thecompositions of the present invention include amino acids, chondroitinsulfate, diglycerin, erythritol, fructose, glucose, glycerin, glycerolpolymers, glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, honey, hyaluronic acid,hydrogenated honey, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, inositol, lactitol,maltitol, maltose, mannitol, natural moisturizing factor, PEG-15butanediol, polyglyceryl sorbitol, salts of pyrollidone carboxylic acid,potassium PCA, propylene glycol, sodium glucuronate, sodium PCA,sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, urea, and xylitol.

Other examples include acetylated lanolin, acetylated lanolin alcohol,alanine, algae extract, aloe barbadensis, aloe-barbadensis extract, aloebarbadensis gel, althea officinalis extract, apricot (prunus armeniaca)kernel oil, arginine, arginine aspartate, arnica montana extract,aspartic acid, avocado (persea gratissima) oil, barrier sphingolipids,butyl alcohol, beeswax, behenyl alcohol, beta-sitosterol, birch (betulaalba) bark extract, borage (borago officinalis) extract, butcherbroom(ruscus aculeatus) extract, butylene glycol, calendula officinalisextract, calendula officinalis oil, candelilla (euphorbia cerifera) wax,canola oil, caprylic/capric triglyceride, cardamon (elettariacardamomum) oil, carnauba (copernicia cerifera) wax, carrot (daucuscarota sativa) oil, castor (ricinus communis) oil, ceramides, ceresin,ceteareth-5, ceteareth-12, ceteareth-20, cetearyl octanoate, ceteth-20,ceteth-24, cetyl acetate, cetyl octanoate, cetyl palmitate, chamomile(anthemis nobilis) oil, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, cholesterylhydroxystearate, citric acid, clary (salvia sclarea) oil, cocoa(theobroma cacao) butter, coco-caprylate/caprate, coconut (cocosnucifera) oil, collagen, collagen amino acids, corn (zea mays) oil,fatty acids, decyl oleate, dimethicone copolyol, dimethiconol, dioctyladipate, dioctyl succinate, dipentaerythrityl hexacaprylate/hexacaprate,DNA, erythritol, ethoxydiglycol, ethyl linoleate, eucalyptus globulusoil, evening primrose (oenothera biennis) oil, fatty acids, geraniummaculatum oil, glucosamine, glucose glutamate, glutamic acid,glycereth-26, glycerin, glycerol, glyceryl distearate, glycerylhydroxystearate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl linoleate, glycerylmyristate, glyceryl oleate, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl stearate SE,glycine, glycol stearate, glycol stearate SE, glycosaminoglycans, grape(vitis vinifera) seed oil, hazel (corylus americana) nut oil, hazel(corylus avellana) nut oil, hexylene glycol, hyaluronic acid, hybridsafflower (carthamus tinctorius) oil, hydrogenated castor oil,hydrogenated coco-glycerides, hydrogenated coconut oil, hydrogenatedlanolin, hydrogenated lecithin, hydrogenated palm glyceride,hydrogenated palm kernel oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenatedtallow glyceride, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrolyzed collagen,hydrolyzed elastin, hydrolyzed glycosaminoglycans, hydrolyzed keratin,hydrolyzed soy protein, hydroxylated lanolin, hydroxyproline, isocetylstearate, isocetyl stearoyl stearate, isodecyl oleate, isopropylisostearate, isopropyl lanolate, isopropyl myristate, isopropylpalmitate, isopropyl stearate, isostearamide DEA, isostearic acid,isostearyl lactate, isostearyl neopentanoate, jasmine (jasminumofficinale) oil, jojoba (buxus chinensis) oil, kelp, kukui (aleuritesmoluccana) nut oil, lactamide MEA, laneth-16, laneth-10 acetate,lanolin, lanolin acid, lanolin alcohol, lanolin oil, lanolin wax,lavender (lavandula angustifolia) oil, lecithin, lemon (citrus medicalimonum) oil, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, macadamia ternifolia nutoil, maltitol, matricaria (chamomilla recutita) oil, methyl glucosesesquistearate, methylsilanol PCA, mineral oil, mink oil, mortierellaoil, myristyl lactate, myristyl myristate, myristyl propionate,neopentyl glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, octyldodecanol, octyldodecylmyristate, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate, octyl hydroxystearate, octylpalmitate, octyl salicylate, octyl stearate, oleic acid, olive (oleaeuropaea) oil, orange (citrus aurantium dulcis) oil, palm (elaeisguineensis) oil, palmitic acid, pantethine, panthenol, panthenyl ethylether, paraffin, PCA, peach (prunus persica) kernel oil, peanut (arachishypogaea) oil, PEG-8 C12-18 ester, PEG-15 cocamine, PEG-150 distearate,PEG-60 glyceryl isostearate, PEG-5 glyceryl stearate, PEG-30 glycerylstearate, PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil,PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquistearate,PEG40 sorbitan peroleate, PEG-5 soy sterol, PEG-10 soy sterol, PEG-2stearate, PEG-8 stearate, PEG-20 stearate, PEG-32 stearate, PEG40stearate, PEG-50 stearate, PEG-100 stearate, PEG-150 stearate,pentadecalactone, peppermint (mentha piperita) oil, petrolatum,phospholipids, polyamino sugar condensate, polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate,polyquaternium-24, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60,polysorbate 80, polysorbate 85, potassium myristate, potassiumpalmitate, propylene glycol, propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate,propylene glycol dioctanoate, propylene glycol dipelargonate, propyleneglycol laurate, propylene glycol stearate, propylene glycol stearate SE,PVP, pyridoxine dipalmitate, retinol, retinyl palmitate, rice (oryzasativa) bran oil, RNA, rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis) oil, rose oil,safflower (carthamus tinctorius) oil, sage (salvia officinalis) oil,sandalwood (santalum album) oil, serine, serum protein, sesame (sesamumindicum) oil, shea butter (butyrospermum parkii), silk powder, sodiumchondroitin sulfate, sodium hyaluronate, sodium lactate, sodiumpalmitate, sodium PCA, sodium polyglutamate, soluble collagen, sorbitanlaurate, sorbitan oleate, sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan sesquioleate,sorbitan stearate, sorbitol, soybean (glycine soja) oil, sphingolipids,squalane, squalene, stearamide MEA-stearate, stearic acid, stearoxydimethicone, stearoxytrimethylsilane, stearyl alcohol, stearylglycyrrhetinate, stearyl heptanoate, stearyl stearate, sunflower(helianthus annuus) seed oil, sweet almond (prunus amygdalus dulcis)oil, synthetic beeswax, tocopherol, tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryllinoleate, tribehenin, tridecyl neopentanoate, tridecyl stearate,triethanolamine, tristearin, urea, vegetable oil, water, waxes, wheat(triticum vulgare) germ oil, and ylang ylang (cananga odorata) oil.

c. Antioxidants

Non-limiting examples of antioxidants that can be used with thecompositions of the present invention include acetyl cysteine, ascorbicacid polypeptide, ascorbyl dipalmitate, ascorbyl methylsilanolpectinate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, BHA, BHT, t-butylhydroquinone, cysteine, cysteine HCI, diamylhydroquinone,di-t-butylhydroquinone, dicetyl thiodipropionate, dioleyl tocopherylmethylsilanol, disodium ascorbyl sulfate, distearyl thiodipropionate,ditridecyl thiodipropionate, dodecyl gallate, erythorbic acid, esters ofascorbic acid, ethyl ferulate, ferulic acid, gallic acid esters,hydroquinone, isooctyl thioglycolate, kojic acid, magnesium ascorbate,magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, methylsilanol ascorbate, natural botanicalanti-oxidants such as green tea or grape seed extracts,nordihydroguaiaretic acid, octyl gallate, phenylthioglycolic acid,potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate, potassium sulfite, propylgallate, quinones, rosmarinic acid, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite,sodium erythorbate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, superoxidedismutase, sodium thioglycolate, sorbityl furfural, thiodiglycol,thiodiglycolamide, thiodiglycolic acid, thioglycolic acid, thiolacticacid, thiosalicylic acid, tocophereth-5, tocophereth-10, tocophereth-12,tocophereth-18, tocophereth-50, tocopherol, tocophersolan, tocopherylacetate, tocopheryl linoleate, tocopheryl nicotinate, tocopherylsuccinate, and tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite.

d. Structuring Agents

In other non-limiting aspects, the compositions of the present inventioncan include a structuring agent. Structuring agent, in certain aspects,assist in providing rheological characteristics to the composition tocontribute to the composition's stability. In other aspects, structuringagents can also function as an emulsifier or surfactant. Non-limitingexamples of structuring agents include stearic acid, palmitic acid,stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, stearic acid, palmiticacid, the polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol having an averageof about 1 to about 21 ethylene oxide units, the polyethylene glycolether of cetyl alcohol having an average of about 1 to about 5 ethyleneoxide units, and mixtures thereof.

e. Emulsifiers

In certain aspects of the present invention, the compositions do notinclude an emulsifier. In other aspects, however, the compositions caninclude one or more emulsifiers. Emulsifiers can reduce the interfacialtension between phases and improve the formulation and stability of anemulsion. The emulsifiers can be nonionic, cationic, anionic, andzwitterionic emulsifiers (See McCutcheon's (1986); U.S. Pat. Nos.5,011,681; 4,421,769; 3,755,560). Non-limiting examples include estersof glycerin, esters of propylene glycol, fatty acid esters ofpolyethylene glycol, fatty acid esters of polypropylene glycol, estersof sorbitol, esters of sorbitan anhydrides, carboxylic acid copolymers,esters and ethers of glucose, ethoxylated ethers, ethoxylated alcohols,alkyl phosphates, polyoxyethylene fatty ether phosphates, fatty acidamides, acyl lactylates, soaps, TEA stearate, DEA oleth-3 phosphate,polyethylene glycol 20 sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20),polyethylene glycol 5 soya sterol, steareth-2, steareth-20, steareth-21,ceteareth-20, PPG-2 methyl glucose ether distearate, ceteth-10,polysorbate 80, cetyl phosphate, potassium cetyl phosphate,diethanolamine cetyl phosphate, polysorbate 60, glyceryl stearate,PEG-100 stearate, and mixtures thereof.

f. Silicone Containing Compounds

In non-limiting aspects, silicone containing compounds include anymember of a family of polymeric products whose molecular backbone ismade up of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms with side groupsattached to the silicon atoms. By varying the —Si—O— chain lengths, sidegroups, and crosslinking, silicones can be synthesized into a widevariety of materials. They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel tosolids.

The silicone containing compounds that can be used in the context of thepresent invention include those described in this specification or thoseknown to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examplesinclude silicone oils (e.g., volatile and non-volatile oils), gels, andsolids. In certain aspects, the silicon containing compounds includes asilicone oils such as a polyorganosiloxane. Non-limiting examples ofpolyorganosiloxanes include dimethicone, cyclomethicone,polysilicone-11, phenyl trimethicone, trimethylsilylamodimethicone,stearoxytrimethylsilane, or mixtures of these and other organosiloxanematerials in any given ratio in order to achieve the desired consistencyand application characteristics depending upon the intended application(e.g., to a particular area such as the skin, hair, or eyes). A“volatile silicone oil” includes a silicone oil have a low heat ofvaporization, i.e. normally less than about 50 cal per gram of siliconeoil. Non-limiting examples of volatile silicone oils include:cyclomethicones such as Dow Corning 344 Fluid, Dow Corning 345 Fluid,Dow Corning 244 Fluid, and Dow Corning 245 Fluid, Volatile Silicon 7207(Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, Conn.); low viscosity dimethicones, i.e.dimethicones having a viscosity of about 50 cst or less (e.g.,dimethicones such as Dow Corning 200-0.5 cst Fluid). The Dow CorningFluids are available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Mich.Cyclomethicone and dimethicone are described in the Third Edition of theCTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary (incorporated by reference) ascyclic dimethyl polysiloxane compounds and a mixture of fully methylatedlinear siloxane polymers end-blocked with trimethylsiloxy units,respectively. Other non-limiting volatile silicone oils that can be usedin the context of the present invention include those available fromGeneral Electric Co., Silicone Products Div., Waterford, N.Y. and SWSSilicones Div. of Stauffer Chemical Co., Adrian, Mich.

g. Essential Oils

Essential oils include oils derived from herbs, flowers, trees, andother plants. Such oils are typically present as tiny droplets betweenthe plant's cells, and can be extracted by several method known to thoseof skill in the art (e.g., steam distilled, enfleurage (i.e., extractionby using fat), maceration, solvent extraction, or mechanical pressing).When these types of oils are exposed to air they tend to evaporate(i.e., a volatile oil). As a result, many essential oils are colorless,but with age they can oxidize and become darker. Essential oils areinsoluble in water and are soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed oils(vegetal), and other organic solvents. Typical physical characteristicsfound in essential oils include boiling points that vary from about 160°to 240° C. and densities ranging from about 0.759 to about 1.096.

Essential oils typically are named by the plant from which the oil isfound. For example, rose oil or peppermint oil are derived from rose orpeppermint plants, respectively. Non-limiting examples of essential oilsthat can be used in the context of the present invention include sesameoil, macadamia nut oil, tea tree oil, evening primrose oil, Spanish sageoil, Spanish rosemary oil, coriander oil, thyme oil, pimento berriesoil, rose oil, anise oil, balsam oil, bergamot oil, rosewood oil, cedaroil, chamomile oil, sage oil, clary sage oil, clove oil, cypress oil,eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, sea fennel oil, frankincense oil, geraniumoil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, jasmine oil, juniper oil, lavender oil,lemon oil, lemongrass oil, lime oil, mandarin oil, marjoram oil, myrrhoil, neroli oil, orange oil, patchouli oil, pepper oil, black pepperoil, petitgrain oil, pine oil, rose otto oil, rosemary oil, sandalwoodoil, spearmint oil, spikenard oil, vetiver oil, wintergreen oil, orylang ylang. Other essential oils known to those of skill in the art arealso contemplated as being useful within the context of the presentinvention.

h. Thickening Agents

Thickening agents, including thickener or gelling agents, includesubstances which that can increase the viscosity of a composition.Thickeners includes those that can increase the viscosity of acomposition without substantially modifying the efficacy of the activeingredient within the composition. Thickeners can also increase thestability of the compositions of the present invention. In certainaspects of the present invention, thickeners include hydrogenatedpolyisobutene or trihydroxystearin, or a mixture of both.

Non-limiting examples of additional thickening agents that can be usedin the context of the present invention include carboxylic acidpolymers, crosslinked polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylamide polymers,polysaccharides, and gums. Examples of carboxylic acid polymers includecrosslinked compounds containing one or more monomers derived fromacrylic acid, substituted acrylic acids, and salts and esters of theseacrylic acids and the substituted acrylic acids, wherein thecrosslinking agent contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds andis derived from a polyhydric alcohol (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,087,445;4,509,949; 2,798,053; CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary,Fourth edition, 1991, pp. 12 and 80). Examples of commercially availablecarboxylic acid polymers include carbomers, which are homopolymers ofacrylic acid crosslinked with allyl ethers of sucrose or pentaerytritol(e.g., Carbopol™ 900 series from B. F. Goodrich).

Non-limiting examples of crosslinked polyacrylate polymers includecationic and nonionic polymers. Examples are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,100,660; 4,849,484; 4,835,206; 4,628,078; 4,599,379).

Non-limiting examples of polyacrylamide polymers (including nonionicpolyacrylamide polymers including substituted branched or unbranchedpolymers) include polyacrylamide, isoparaffin and laureth-7, multi-blockcopolymers of acrylamides and substituted acrylamides with acrylic acidsand substituted acrylic acids.

Non-limiting examples of polysaccharides include cellulose,carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, cellulose acetate propionatecarboxylate, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose,hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium cellulosesulfate, and mixtures thereof. Another example is an alkyl substitutedcellulose where the hydroxy groups of the cellulose polymer ishydroxyalkylated (preferably hydroxy ethylated or hydroxypropylated) toform a hydroxyalkylated cellulose which is then further modified with aC₁₀-C₃₀ straight chain or branched chain alkyl group through an etherlinkage. Typically these polymers are ethers of C₁₀-C₃₀ straight orbranched chain alcohols with hydroxyalkylcelluloses. Other usefulpolysaccharides include scleroglucans comprising a linear chain of (1-3)linked glucose units with a (1-6) linked glucose every three unit.

Non-limiting examples of gums that can be used with the presentinvention include acacia, agar, algin, alginic acid, ammonium alginate,amylopectin, calcium alginate, calcium carrageenan, carnitine,carrageenan, dextrin, gelatin, gellan gum, guar gum, guarhydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, hectorite, hyaluroinic acid, hydratedsilica, hydroxypropyl chitosan, hydroxypropyl guar, karaya gum, kelp,locust bean gum, natto gum, potassium alginate, potassium carrageenan,propylene glycol alginate, sclerotium gum, sodium carboyxmethyl dextran,sodium carrageenan, tragacanth gum, xanthan gum, and mixtures thereof.

i. Preservatives

Non-limiting examples of preservatives that can be used in the contextof the present invention include quaternary ammonium preservatives suchas polyquaternium-1 and benzalkonium halides (e.g., benzalkoniumchloride (“BAC”) and benzalkonium bromide), parabens (e.g.,methylparabens and propylparabens), phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol,chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal or combinations thereof.

j. Skin Lightening Agents

Non-limiting examples of skin lightening agents that can be used in thecontext of the present invention include dipotassium glycyrrhizate,ascorbyl glucoside, niacinamide, hydroquinone, or combination thereof.

2. Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Pharmaceutical active agents are also contemplated as being useful withthe compositions of the present invention. Non-limiting examples ofpharmaceutical active agents include anti-acne agents, agents used totreat rosacea, analgesics, anesthetics, anorectals, antihistamines,anti-inflammatory agents including non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs, antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimicrobials, anti-canceractives, scabicides, pediculicides, antineoplastics, antiperspirants,antipruritics, antipsoriatic agents, antiseborrheic agents, biologicallyactive proteins and peptides, burn treatment agents, cauterizing agents,depigmenting agents, depilatories, diaper rash treatment agents,enzymes, hair growth stimulants, hair growth retardants including DFMOand its salts and analogs, hemostatics, kerotolytics, canker soretreatment agents, cold sore treatment agents, dental and periodontaltreatment agents, photosensitizing actives, skin protectant/barrieragents, steroids including hormones and corticosteroids, sunburntreatment agents, sunscreens, transdermal actives, nasal actives,vaginal actives, wart treatment agents, wound treatment agents, woundhealing agents, etc.

In general, pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention shouldbe essentially free of pyrogens, as well as other impurities that couldbe harmful to humans or animals. In addition, one will generally desireto employ appropriate salts and buffers. Pharmaceutical compositions ofthe present invention comprise an effective amount of the desiredcompound in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The phrase“pharmaceutically or pharmacologically acceptable” refers to molecularentities and compositions that do not produce adverse, allergic, orother untoward reactions when administered to an animal or a human. Asused herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and allsolvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungalagents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use ofsuch media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is wellknow in the art. Supplementary active ingredients also can beincorporated into the compositions.

Administration of these compositions according to the present inventionwill be via any common route so long as the target tissue is availablevia that route. This includes administration by topical means and alsoincludes systemic or parenteral methods including intravenous injection,intraspinal injection, or intracerebral, intradermal, subcutaneous,intramuscular, or intraperitoneal methods. Depending on the nature ofthe compound or composition, administration may also be via oral, nasal,buccal, rectal, or vaginal means. Such compositions would normally beadministered as pharmaceutically acceptable compositions, describedsupra.

By way of illustration, solutions of the active compounds as free baseor pharmacologically acceptable salts can be prepared in water suitablymixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions canalso be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixturesthereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, thesepreparations may contain a preservative to prevent the growth ofmicroorganisms.

The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterileaqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for theextemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions ordispersions. In all cases the form must be sterile and must be fluid tothe extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under theconditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against thecontaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. Thecarrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example,water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquidpolyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, andvegetable oils. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, bythe use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of therequired particle size in the case of dispersion, and by the use ofsurfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can bebrought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, forexample, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, andthe like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonicagents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption ofthe injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in thecompositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminummonostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the compoundsin the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of theother ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filteredsterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating thevarious sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle, whichcontains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredientsfrom those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for thepreparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods ofpreparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques, which yielda powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredientfrom a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Compounds and compositions of the present invention may be formulated ina neutral or salt form. Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include theacid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the protein)and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example,hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic,oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with the freecarboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, forexample, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, andsuch organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine,procaine and the like.

The composition may be formulated as a “unit dose.” For example, oneunit dose could be dissolved in 1 ml of isotonic NaCl solution andeither added to 1000 ml of hypodermoclysis fluid or injected at theproposed site of infusion, (see, e.g., “Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences,” 15^(th) Edition, pages 1035-1038 and 1570-1580). Somevariation in dosage will necessarily occur depending on the condition ofthe subject being treated. The person responsible for administrationwill, in any event, determine the appropriate dose for the individualsubject. Moreover, for human administration, preparations should meetsterility, pyrogenicity, general safety and purity standards as requiredby FDA Office of Biologics standards.

G. Kits

Kits are also contemplated as being used in certain aspects of thepresent invention. For instance, compounds or compositions of thepresent invention can be included in a kit. A kit can include acontainer. Containers can include a bottle, a metal tube, a laminatetube, a plastic tube, a dispenser, a pressurized container, a barriercontainer, a package, a compartment, a lipstick container, a compactcontainer, cosmetic pans that can hold cosmetic compositions, or othertypes of containers such as injection or blow-molded plastic containersinto which the dispersions or compositions or desired bottles,dispensers, or packages are retained. The kit and/or container caninclude indicia on its surface. The indicia, for example, can be a word,a phrase, an abbreviation, a picture, or a symbol.

The containers can dispense a pre-determined amount of the composition.In other embodiments, the container can be squeezed (e.g., metal,laminate, or plastic tube) to dispense a desired amount of thecomposition. The composition can be dispensed as a spray, an aerosol, aliquid, a fluid, or a semi-solid. The containers can have spray, pump,or squeeze mechanisms. A kit can also include instructions for employingthe kit components as well the use of any other compositions included inthe container. Instructions can include an explanation of how to apply,use, and maintain the compositions.

H. Screening Methods

The methods of the present invention may be useful in testing additionalmolecules for their ability to chemically bind to zinc oxide. Forexample, a candidate molecule having beneficial properties and alsohaving one or more hydrogens that may have acidic characteristics can bemixed with zinc oxide according to the methods disclosed herein todetermine if the candidate molecule can chemically bind to zinc oxide.Compounds identified by these methods may then be further tested fordesired characteristics and usefulness in compositions such as topicalskin compositions and pharmaceutical compositions.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are included to demonstrate certain non-limitingaspects of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill inthe art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that followrepresent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in thepractice of the invention. However, those of skill in the art should, inlight of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can bemade in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain alike or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention.

Example 1 Compounds Comprising Zinc Oxide and Lactic Acid

Methods of the present invention may be used to produce complexescomprising zinc oxide and alpha-hydroxy acids, such as lactic acid orglycolic acid. Here, complexes comprising zinc oxide and lactic acidwere produced (see FIGS. 6A-C).

Zinc oxide and lactic acid were mixed in an ethanol solution (reagentgrade ethyl alcohol denatured with methanol and isopropyl alcohol)containing approximately 10% water at room temperature with continuousstirring using a magnetic stirrer. Fine needle-like crystals wereobserved after approximately two weeks of mixing. The crystals wereisolated by filtering. IR spectroscopy was performed and revealed thepresence of zinc oxide and lactic acid in the crystals. The complexesexhibited no melting point. In water, the complexes dissociate into zincoxide and lactic acid—i.e., the complexes are soluble in water oraqueous compositions. Analysis of the zinc oxide/lactic acid complexesrevealed that the complex likely contains one molecule of zinc oxide andtwo molecules of lactic acid.

Because zinc oxide is a known skin-calming agent, and because the zincoxide/lactic acid complexes readily dissociate when they contact water(such as moisture in the skin), it is contemplated that the zincoxide/lactic acid complexes of the present invention may be useful fordelivery of zinc oxide in combination with lactic acid.

The zinc oxide/lactic acid complexes were soluble in water.Specifically, approximately 0.1 g zinc oxide/lactic acid was dissolvedin 10 mL of deionized water via vortexing. The solution contained nolarge particles. After standing overnight, the mixture settled,providing a clear liquid fraction at the top. The mixture had a pH ofapproximately 6. The zinc oxide/lactic acid complexes were also solublein sodium lactate. Specifically, approximately 0.1 g zinc oxide wasmixed in 10 mL sodium lactate solution (containing approximately 0.88 gsodium lactate in 10 mL deionized water). The mixture was vortexed todissolve the particles such that no large visible particles remained.Overnight, the mixture settled, providing a clear liquid fraction at thetop. The mixture had a pH of approximately 6.

To further test solubility of the zinc oxide/lactic acid complexes in asolution comprising lactic acid and water, increasing amounts of lacticacid were added to 0.725 g zinc oxide/lactic acid complexes.Specifically, the following amounts of 88% lactic acid were added to thezinc oxide/lactic acid complexes in 10 mL deionized water: 0.0273 g,0.0262 g, 0.0345 g, 0.0575 g, 0.0757 g, 0.1166 g, 0.1562 g, 0.1389 g,0.1486 g, and 0.2810 g. Approximately 0.3 g zinc oxide/lactic acidcomplexes were also mixed with 0.0670 g or 0.2517 g 88% lactic acid. Allcombinations produced a milky mixture that settles upon standing.

Zinc oxide/lactic acid complexes could also be formed usingapproximately 6.02 g 88% lactic acid mixed with approximately 4.72 gzinc oxide in 40 mL deionized water and 160 mL reagent-grade ethanol.

The zinc oxide/lactic acid complexes were used to make a hydrophobiccream composition comprising: 7.6% dimethicone (e.g., 5 g in 65.5 gtotal), 15.3% cetyl dimethicone (e.g., 10 g in 65.5 g total), 0.6%glyceryl tribenate (e.g., 0.4 g in 65.5 g total), 2.6% paraffin (e.g.,1.2 g in 65.5 g total), 26.6% cyclomethicone tetra (e.g., 17.4 g in 65.5g total), 16.8% methyl methacrylate (e.g., 11 g in 65.5 g total), 22.9%trihydroxystearin cyclomethicone (e.g., 15 g in 65.5 g total), 7.6% zincoxide/lactic acid complexes (e.g., 5 g in 65.5 g total). The compositionhas positive tactile attributes when placed topically on skin. Forexample, the composition applies smoothly onto the skin and does nothave a greasy feel. Also, the composition leaves no white powder film,and does not sting the skin.

Example 2 Compounds Comprising Zinc Oxide and Glycolic Acid

Methods of the present invention were used to produce complexescomprising zinc oxide and glycolic acid. 70% DuPont Technical GradeGlycolic Acid was used. Approximately 0.1 grams of zinc oxide was mixedwith 0.27 grams glycolic acid. Mixing was in 200-250 mL reagent gradeethyl alcohol (denatured with methanol and isopropyl alcohol). Mixingwas at room temperature with continuous stirring using a magneticstirrer. After about 11 days, the zinc oxide/glycolic acid complexescould be visualized as crystals in the alcohol solution.

Example 3 Compounds Comprising Zinc Oxide and Hydroxyproline

The methods of the present invention may be used to produce complexescomprising zinc oxide and an amino acid, such as hydroxyproline. Here,complexes comprising zinc oxide and hydroxyproline were produced (seeFIG. 5). Approximately 1 g zinc oxide was mixed with approximately 1.6 ghydroxyproline in approximately 200 mL anhydrous alcohol. Mixing was bymagnetic stirrer in a 16 oz. glass jar at ambient temperature.

The complexes formed within 7 days and were isolated by filtering (witha Buchner funnel) after about 14 days with a yield of approximately91.2%. The complexes had no observable melting point, and IRspectroscopy revealed that both zinc oxide and hydroxyproline werepresent in the complexes.

Example 4 Compounds Comprising Zinc Oxide and Azaleic Acid

The methods of the present invention may be used to produce complexescomprising zinc oxide and a di-acid, such as azelaic acid. Complexescomprising zinc oxide and azaleic acid were produced (see FIGS. 2A-C),and had no observable melting point. IR spectroscopy confirmed that thecomplexes contain both zinc oxide and azelaic acid. Mixing was in200-250 mL reagent grade ethyl alcohol (denatured with methanol andisopropyl alcohol) at room temperature with continuous stirring using amagnetic stirrer.

Azelaic acid has known anti-acne properties. Thus, it is contemplatedthat zinc oxide/azelaic acid complexes may be useful in treating acneand as an ingredient in compositions for treating acne.

Example 5 Compounds Comprising Zinc Oxide and Oleic Acid

The methods of the present invention may be used to produce complexescomprising zinc oxide and a carboxylic acid, such as oleic acid. Here,complexes comprising zinc oxide and oleic acid were produced (see FIGS.4A-C). Approximately 1 g zinc oxide was mixed with about 3.47 g oleicacid in 200 mL anhydrous reagent-grade ethanol (denatured with methanoland isopropyl alcohol). The molecules were mixed for approximately threeweeks at ambient temperature using a magnetic stirrer.

The complexes comprising zinc oxide and oleic acid were solid particlesand were isolated by filtering (#41 Whatman filter paper) with a yieldof approximately 75.4%. The complexes had no observed melting point, andIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of both zinc oxide and oleic acidin the complexes. The zinc oxide/oleic acid complexes did not dissociateeasily in water.

Because of the beneficial textural properties of compositions comprisingzinc oxide/oleic acid complexes, such complexes may be particularlyuseful in foundations, pressed powders (such as for skin, eyes, cheeks,etc.), sunscreen, loose powder products, or lipsticks, lip glosses, orlip balms.

Example 6 Compounds Comprising Zinc Oxide and Salicylic Acid

The methods of the present invention may be used to produce complexescomprising zinc oxide and an aromatic acid, such as salicylic acid.Here, complexes comprising zinc oxide and salicylic acid were produced(see FIGS. 7A-F). Approximately 1 g zinc oxide was mixed with about 1.7g salicylic acid in 200 mL anhydrous reagent grade ethyl alcohol. Themolecules were mixed in a 16 oz. glass jar using a magnetic stirrer atambient temperature.

Complexes were observed after approximately 14 to 19 days. After 19days, the complexes were isolated by filtering (via a Buchner funnel)with an approximate yield of 79.1%. The complexes comprising zinc oxideand salicylic acid had no observed melting point, and IR spectroscopyconfirmed that the complexes contain zinc oxide and salicylic acid. Thecomplexes do not dissociate easily in water.

Complexes could also be formed by combination of approximately 0.86 gsalicylic acid, 0.25 g zinc oxide, 10 mL deionized water, and 20 mLacetone. Using the same methods, complexes could also be formed bymixing approximately 0.26 g zinc nitrate and approximately 0.23 gsalicylic acid.

Example 7 Compounds Comprising Zinc Oxide and Ascorbic Acid

The methods of the present invention were used to produce complexescomprising zinc oxide and ascorbic acid. Zinc oxide molecules andascorbic acid molecules were mixed in a 1:1 molar ratio in the presenceof an alcohol (mixture of methanol and isoppropanol) that had beenpurged with nitrogen gas in order to remove oxygen. A nitrogen blanketwas placed over the mixture, and the container was sealed. The containerand seal were covered with black electrical tape to exclude light. Anadditional opaque external container was placed around the containerhousing the mixture in order to further prevent light from reaching themixture. Mixing was by continuous stirring on a magnetic stirrer at roomtemperature.

Mixing was for approximately two weeks. The zinc oxide/ascorbic acidcomplexes prepared by the disclosed methods may be isolated byevaporating the alcohol in the solution, such as by use of aroto-evaporator or by spray drying techniques. The produced zincoxide/ascorbic acid complex was in crystalline form and was found to besoluble in alcohol.

Such zinc oxide/ascorbic acid complexes may be particularly useful as adelivery system for ascorbic acid. Such complexes may also be useful tostabilize ascorbic acid in various compositions.

Example 8 Compounds Comprising Zinc Oxide and Avobenzone

The methods of the present invention were used to produce complexescomprising zinc oxide and avobenzone (Parsol 1789 was the source foravobenzone) (see FIGS. 3A-C). Approximately 1 g zinc oxide was mixedwith about 3.8 g Parsol 1789 in 250 mL anhydrous alcohol (mixture ofmethanol and isoppropanol). Mixing occurred in a sealed glass jar on amagnetic stirrer at ambient temperature. Complexes were visible withinnine days of mixing. The complexes were isolated by filtering (via aBuchner funnel) after about 21 days of mixing, and the yield wasapproximately 92.5%. The zinc oxide/avobenzone complexes formed had noobservable melting point, and IR spectroscopy confirmed that thecomplexes contained zinc oxide and avobenzone.

The zinc oxide/avobenzone compounds of the present invention areparticularly useful in sunscreen compositions because such compoundscombine the physical sunscreen properties of zinc oxide with thechemical sunscreen properties of avobenzone. The presence of avobenzonein complexes with zinc oxide may stabilize the avobenzone in sunscreencompositions.

Example 9 Compounds Comprising Zinc Oxide and Kojic Acid

Compounds comprising zinc oxide and Kojic Acid were produced accordingto methods of the present invention. The complexes were prepared inreagent-grade alcohol containing approximately 10% deionized water. Zincoxide and Kojic Acid were combined in a 1:1 molar ration, and mixing wasin 200-250 mL anhydrous reagent grade ethyl alcohol (denatured withmethanol and isopropyl alcohol). Mixing was at room temperature withcontinuous stirring using a magnetic stirrer. The complexes could bevisualized as clumps of crystals, which started to appear after just oneday of mixing.

Example 10 Compounds Comprising Zinc Oxide and Citric Acid

Compounds comprising zinc oxide and citric acid were produced accordingto methods of the present invention. Zinc oxide and anhydrous citricacid were mixed in a solution containing 90% reagent-grade ethanol and10% deionized water. The molecules were mixed in a 1:1 molar ratio(e.g., approximately 0.24 grams citric acid mixed with about 0.1 gramszinc oxide in 20 mL 90% ethanol solution). Zinc oxide and citric acidmolecules were also mixed in a 2:1 molar ratio (e.g., approximately 0.12grams citric acid mixed with about 0.1 grams zinc oxide in 20 mL 90%ethanol solution). The molecules were mixed by sonication forapproximately four minutes. The molecules were then mixed by magneticstirrer at room temperature, and complex formation was observed.

Example 11 Compounds Comprising Zinc Oxide and Malic Acid

Compounds comprising D-malic acid and zinc oxide were produced bymethods of the invention. Approximately 0.076 g zinc oxide was mixedwith about 0.136 g D-malic acid in 200-250 mL anhydrous reagent gradeethyl alcohol (denatured with methanol and isopropyl alcohol). Thesolution was sonicated for approximately 30 minutes. Five drops ofcitric acid was added to half of the solution, and the solutions weremixed for approximately two days at room temperature with continuousstirring using a magnetic stirrer. Both solutions exhibited crystalsrepresenting zinc oxide/malic acid complexes.

The same methods were employed to form zinc oxide/malic acid complexesusing L-malic acid or a combination of D-malic acid and L-malic acid. Tomake complexes comprising zinc oxide and L-malic acid, approximately0.766 g zinc oxide was added to about 0.137 g L-malic acid in 200-250 mLanhydrous reagent grade ethyl alcohol (denatured with methanol andisopropyl alcohol). Mixing was at room temperature with continuousstirring using a magnetic stirrer. To make complexes comprising zincoxide and L-malic acid or D-malic acid, approximately 0.0.78 g zincoxide was added to approximately 0.056 g D-malic acid and 0.0704 gL-malic acid in 200-250 mL anhydrous reagent grade ethyl alcohol(denatured with methanol and isopropyl alcohol). Mixing was at roomtemperature with continuous stirring using a magnetic stirrer.

Example 12 Additional Assays that can be Used to Test Compositions

The efficacy and usefulness of any of the compounds and compositions ofthe present invention can be determined by methods known to those ofordinary skill in the art. The following are non-limiting assays thatcan be used in the context of the present invention. It should berecognized that other testing procedures can be used, including, forexample, objective and subjective procedures.

Skin Firmness and Elasticity Assay with a Hargens Ballistometer:

Skin firmness and elasticity can be measured using a Hargensballistometer, a device that evaluates the firmness and elasticity ofthe skin by dropping a small body onto the skin and recording its firsttwo rebound peaks. The ballistometry is a small lightweight probe with arelatively blunt tip (4 square mm-contact area) was used. The probepenetrates slightly into the skin and results in measurements that aredependent upon the properties of the outer layers of the skin, includingthe stratum corneum and outer epidermis and some of the dermal layers.

Skin Softness/Suppleness Assay with a Gas Bearing Electrodynamometer:

Skin softness/suppleness can be evaluated using the Gas BearingElectrodynamometer, an instrument that measures the stress/strainproperties of the skin. The viscoelastic properties of skin correlatewith skin moisturization. Measurements can be obtained on thepredetermined site on the cheek area by attaching the probe to the skinsurface with double-stick tape. A force of approximately 3.5 gm can beapplied parallel to the skin surface and the skin displacement isaccurately measured. Skin suppleness can then be calculated and isexpressed as DSR (Dynamic Spring Rate in gm/mm).

Skin Moisture/Hydration Assay:

Skin moisture/hydration benefits can be measured by using impedancemeasurements with the Nova Dermal Phase Meter. The impedance metermeasures changes in skin moisture content. The outer layer of the skinhas distinct electrical properties. When skin is dry it conductselectricity very poorly. As it becomes more hydrated increasingconductivity results. Consequently, changes in skin impedance (relatedto conductivity) can be used to assess changes in skin hydration. Theunit can be calibrated according to instrument instructions for eachtesting day. A notation of temperature and relative humidity can also bemade. Subjects can be evaluated as follows: prior to measurement theycan equilibrate in a room with defined humidity (e.g., 30-50%) andtemperature (e.g., 68-72° C.). Three separate impedance readings can betaken on each side of the face, recorded, and averaged. The T5 settingcan be used on the impedance meter which averages the impedance valuesof every five seconds application to the face. Changes can be reportedwith statistical variance and significance.

Skin Dryness, Surface Lines, Skin Smoothness, and Skin Tone Assay:

Skin dryness, surface fine lines, skin smoothness, and skin tone can beevaluated with clinical grading techniques. For example, clinicalgrading of skin dryness can be determined by a five point standardKligman Scale: (0) skin is soft and moist; (1) skin appears normal withno visible dryness; (2) skin feels slightly dry to the touch with novisible flaking; (3) skin feels dry, tough, and has a whitish appearancewith some scaling; and (4) skin feels very dry, rough, and has a whitishappearance with scaling. Evaluations can be made independently by twoclinicians and averaged.

Skin Smoothness and Wrinkle Reduction Assay with Methods Disclosed inPackman et al. (1978):

Skin smoothness and wrinkle reduction can also be assessed visually byusing the methods disclosed in Packman and Gams (1978). For example, ateach subject visit, the depth, shallowness and the total number ofsuperficial facial lines (SFLs) of each subject can be carefully scoredand recorded. A numerical score was obtained by multiplying a numberfactor times a depth/width/length factor. Scores are obtained for theeye area and mouth area (left and right sides) and added together as thetotal wrinkle score.

Appearance of Lines and Wrinkles Assay with Replicas:

The appearance of lines and wrinkles on the skin can be evaluated usingreplicas, which is the impression of the skin's surface. Silicone rubberlike material can be used. The replica can be analyzed by imageanalysis. Changes in the visibility of lines and wrinkles can beobjectively quantified via the taking of silicon replicas form thesubjects' face and analyzing the replicas image using a computer imageanalysis system. Replicas can be taken from the eye area and the neckarea, and photographed with a digital camera using a low angle incidencelighting. The digital images can be analyzed with an image processingprogram and the are of the replicas covered by wrinkles or fine lineswas determined.

Surface Contour of the Skin Assay with a Profilometer/Stylus Method:

The surface contour of the skin can be measured by using theprofilometer/Stylus method. This includes either shining a light ordragging a stylus across the replica surface. The vertical displacementof the stylus can be fed into a computer via a distance transducer, andafter scanning a fixed length of replica a cross-sectional analysis ofskin profile can be generated as a two-dimensional curve. This scan canbe repeated any number of times along a fix axis to generate a simulated3-D picture of the skin. Ten random sections of the replicas using thestylus technique can be obtained and combined to generate averagevalues. The values of interest include Ra which is the arithmetic meanof all roughness (height) values computed by integrating the profileheight relative to the mean profile height. Rt, which is the maximumvertical distance between the highest peak and lowest trough, and Rz,which is the mean peak amplitude minus the mean peak height. Values aregiven as a calibrated value in mm. Equipment should be standardizedprior to each use by scanning metal standards of know values. Ra Valuecan be computed by the following equation: R_(a)=Standardize roughness;l_(m)=the traverse (scan) length; and y=the absolute value of thelocation of the profile relative to the mean profile height (x-axis).

Skin Clarity and Reduction in Freckles and Age Spots Assay:

Skin clarity and the reduction in freckles and age spots can beevaluated using a Minolta Chromometer. Changes in skin color can beassessed to determine irritation potential due to product treatmentusing the a* values of the Minolta Chroma Meter. The a* value measureschanges in skin color in the red region. This is used to determinewhether a composition is inducing irritation. The measurements can bemade on each side of the face and averaged, as left and right facialvalues. Skin clarity can also be measured using the Minolta Meter. Themeasurement is a combination of the a*, b, and L values of the MinoltaMeter and is related to skin brightness, and correlates well with skinsmoothness and hydration. Skin reading is taken as above. In onenon-limiting aspect, skin clarity can be described as L/C where C ischroma and is defined as (a²+b2)^(1/2).

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed in thisspecification can be made and executed without undue experimentation inlight of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods ofthis invention have been described in terms of particular embodiments,it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may beapplied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in thesequence of steps of the method described herein without departing fromthe concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, itwill be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically andphysiologically related may be substituted for the agents describedherein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All suchsimilar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in theart are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of theinvention as defined by the appended claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of vulcanizing rubber, the methodcomprising adding to un-vulcanized rubber a complex comprising adisulfide compound having an acidic hydrogen and zinc oxide andvulcanizing the rubber, wherein the oxygen atom of the zinc oxide iscovalently bound to the acidic hydrogen of the disulfide compound. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein the disulfide compound is analkylphenoldisulfide compound.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein thecomplex is in crystal form when combined with the un-vulcanized rubber.4. A vulcanizing accelerator comprising a complex comprising a disulfidecompound having an acidic hydrogen and zinc oxide, wherein the oxygenatom of the zinc oxide is covalently bound to the acidic hydrogen of thedisulfide compound.
 5. The vulcanizing accelerator of claim 4, whereinthe disulfide compound is an alkylphenoldisulfide compound.
 6. Thevulcanizing accelerator of claim 5, wherein the complex is in crystalform.